A ⋅ B ⋅ C ⋅ D ⋅ E ⋅ F ⋅ G ⋅ H ⋅ I ⋅ J ⋅ K ⋅ L ⋅ M ⋅ N ⋅ O ⋅ P ⋅ Q ⋅ R ⋅ S ⋅ T ⋅ U ⋅ V ⋅ W ⋅ X ⋅ Y ⋅ Z

A (back to top)

( (VP (A a=)					← etymologically a weak form of ON
      (VAG working)))

( (NP (D a)					← ordinary indefinite determiner
      (N problem)))

( (NP (NUMP (NUM-COMP (NUM a) (NUM hundred)))	← indefinite determiner as part of compound number
      (ADJP (ADJ different))
      (NS uses)))

( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (NPR Lord))
	  (VP (HVI a)				← A = HAVE
	      (NP-OB1 (N mercy)))))

In cases where it is unclear whether the speaker intended A or the interjection UH, A is tagged as X.

A MANY A (see MANY A)

When used as a measure modifier (cf. A (LITTLE) BIT), A WAY(S) is spelled as two words and conforms to the general principles governing measure phrases.

( (PP (NP-MSR (D a) (N way))
      (P before)
      (NP (N daybreak))))

A WHOLE NOTHER (see ANOTHER)

( (NP (NUMP (ADVP (ADV about))
	    (NUM ten))
      (NS children)))

( (NP (ADVP (ADV about))
      (N time)))

( (VP (VB talk)
      (PP (P about)
          (NP (D the) (N past)))))

( (VP (VB run)
      (RP about)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
	  (VP (BED was)
              (ADVP (ADV just))
	      (INTJ all)
	      (PUNC ,)
	      (QTP (IP-IMP (VP (VBI Let@)
			       (IP-ECM (NP-SBJ (PRO @'s))
				       (VP (VB go)))))))
	  (PUNC .)))

• anacoluthic clause-medial conjunction
• dangling conjunction

AND can introduce absolute clauses.

As part of a compound numeral, AND is tagged NUM; see Numbers for discussion.

AND SO FORTH

AND STUFF (see AND EVERYTHING)

The variant NOTHER is treated as below:

( (NP (D a)
      (ADJP (ADJ whole))
      (ADJP (ADJ nother))
      (N kettle)
      (PP (P of)
	  (NP (N fish)))))

( (NP (NUMP (ADVP (ADV around))
	    (NUM ten))
      (NS children)))

( (NP (ADVP (ADV around))
      (N time)))

( (VP (VB walk)
      (PP (P around)
          (NP (D the) (N building)))))

( (VP (VB run)
      (ADVP (ADV around))))

• Degree and comparative constructions
• complementizer LIKE

When used in a directional or locative sense, AWAY spelled as one word. Unlike A WAY, it functions as a head (rather than, say, as the measure specifier of a following preposition). This is also unlike BACK; the reason is that AWAY cannot modify bare particles in a particle-verb construction.

( (ADVP-DIR (ADV away)
	    (PP (P to)
		(NP (D the) (N city)))))

( (ADVP-LOC (ADV away)
	    (PP (P in)
		(NP (D a) (N manger)))))

( (VP (VB move)
      (ADVP-DIR (ADV away)
		(PP (P from)
		    (NP (N home))))))

( (VP (VB live)
      (ADVP-LOC (ADV away)
		(PP (P from)
		    (NP (N home))))))

B (back to top)

( (VP (VB get)				← cf. get up
      (PP (ADVP (ADV back))                   *get back (* on intended reading)
          (RP up))))

( (PP (ADVP (ADV back))
      (P to)
      (NP (D the)
	  (N future))))

( (PP (ADVP (ADV back))
      (P in )
      (NP (NP-POS (PRO$ myt))
	  (N growing)
	  (RP up))))
  
( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))			← cf. *They left it of the house
	  (VP (VBD left)
	      (NP-OB1 (PRO it))
	      (ADVP-LOC (ADV back)
			(PP (P of)
			    (NP (D the)
				(N house)))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))			← cf. *He pushed from the table.
	  (VP (VBD pushed)
	      (ADVP-DIR (ADV back)
			(PP (P from)
			    (NP (D the)
				(N table)))))
	  (PUNC .)))

BEST-OFF

BETTER-OFF

• anacoluthic clause-medial conjunction
• dangling conjunction

C (back to top)

TO infinitives following COME are treated as IP-INF-PRP when TO can be replaced by IN ORDER TO. Otherwise, when TO can be paraphrased by AND (pseudo-coordination), the TO infinitive is annotated as IP-INF without a further dash tag.

CUZ (see BECAUSE)

D (back to top)

DOZEN (see Numbers)

E (back to top)

ENOUGH

F (back to top)

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	  (VP (VBD heard)
	      (PP (P from)
		  (NP (NPR Joe))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
	  (VP (MD might)
	      (VP (VB prevent)
		  (IP-ECM (NP-SBJ (D the) (N situation))
			  (FROM from)
			  (VP (VAG deteriorating)))))
	  (PUNC .)))

For phrases of the type TWENTY MILES FROM LOUSVILLE, see NP-MSR.

FUCK and related expressions

( (NP (N fuck=all)))

Nonliteral uses of FUCKING are treated as honorary interjections.

( (NP (D a)
      (INTJ fucking)
      (N asshole)))

( (ADJP (INTJ fucking)
	(ADJ stupid)))

( (ADJP (ADVP (ADVR so))
	(INTJ fucking)
	(ADJ stupid)))

( (NP (D a)
      (ADJP (ADJ scant))
      (N cupful)))

( (NP (D a)
      (ADJP (ADJ level))
      (N tablespoonful / teaspoonful)))

( (NP (D a)
      (ADJP (ADJ ten-quart))
      (N-COMP (N water) (N bag=ful))))

G (back to top)

TO infinitives following GO are treated as IP-INF-PRP when TO can be replaced by IN ORDER TO. Otherwise, when TO can be paraphrased by AND (pseudo-coordination), the TO infinitive is annotated as IP-INF without a further dash tag.

GOD

• GOD (honorary interjection)
• Interjection phrase
• Vocative

• GOODNESS (honorary interjection)
• Interjection phrase
• Vocative

• Vocative
• YOU

H (back to top)

HALF is tagged NUM when used as part of a contiguous compound number. See below for the non-contiguous case.

( (NP (NUMP (NUM-COMP (NUM three) (NUM and) (NUM a) (NUM half)))	← = 3.5
      (NS inches)))

HELL (see Profanity

( (CP-QUE-MAT (WADVP-1 (WADV How=come))
	      (IP-SUB (DOD did)
		      (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
		      (VP (ADVP *T*-1)
			  (DO do)
			  (NP-OB1 (PRO that))))
	      (PUNC ?)))

HOW MANY (see WQP)

HOW MUCH (see WQP)

( (NP (D the)
      (ADJP (ADJ regular))
      (N how=much)))

I (back to top)

I. E. (see THAT IS)

( (IP-MAT (INTJ Yikes)
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (NP-SBJ (EX It@))			← expletive with NP associate
	  (VP (BEP @'s)
	      (NP-LGS (D a) (N toad))
	      (PP (P in)
		  (NP (D the) (N bathtub))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO It))			← expletive with clausal associate
	  (VP (BEP is)
	      (NP-PRD (D a) (N shame))
	      (CP-THT-1 (C that)
		        (IP-SUB ...)))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ-1 (PRO It))			← expletive with clausal associate
	  (VP (BEP is)
	      (ADJP-PRD (ADJR better))
	      (IP-INF-1 (TO to)
		        (VP ...)))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-LFD (D That) (N pothole))
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO it@))			← referential
	  (VP (BEP @s)
	      (NP-PRD (D a)
		      (N problem)))
	  (PUNC .)))

J (back to top)

K (back to top)

KINDLY OF (see KIND OF)

L (back to top)

( (INTJ Lord))				← bare

( (INTJP (NP (PRO$ My)
             (NPR Lord))))		← modified

( (IP-IMP (NP-VOC (NPR Lord))
	  (PUNC ,)
	  (VP (HVI have)		← HAVE may be realized as A
	      (NP-OB1 (N mercy)))))

M (back to top)

In doubtful cases, the default is ADJ.

MINES

N (back to top)

NOTHER (see ANOTHER)

O (back to top)

Intransitive OFF is tagged as RP. See Internal structure of phrases for the conventions governing whether RP projects PP.

When preceding a PP headed by OF, OFF is tagged as a preposition (P) with a PP complement. Bare transitive OFF has the same meaning as OFF OF and is annotated the same way, except that the head of the PP complement is silent.

( (PP (P off)
      (PP (P of / 0)			← overt or silent OF
	  (NP (D a)
	      (N cliff)))))

( (VP (GT get)
      (PP (P off)
	  (PP (P of / 0)
	      (NP (NP-POS (PRO$ his))
		  (ADJP (ADJ high))
		  (N horse))))))

( (ADJP (NP-MSR (NUMP (NUM eighteen))		← see Scalar constructions for further discussion
		(NS years))
	(ADJ old)))

OLD UN (see ONE)

• a subordinating conjunction
• an adverb - when used in the sense of "some time or other"
• a numeral - when used in the sense of "exactly one time"

The basic annotation for ONCE corresponds to the sense (EXACTLY) ONE. In this sense, ONCE is tagged as a numeral modifying a silent TIME head, just like TWICE. The integration of the phrasal projection NUMP follows general principles.

( (NP-TMP (NUMP (NUM once))			← head of NUMP; modifies silent TIME head
	  (NP-MSR (D a)
		  (N day))))

( (NP-TMP (NUMP (FP just) (NUM once))))

( (PP (Q all)
      (P at)
      (NP (NUMP (NUM once)))))      

When ONCE has a nonspecific sense, it is tagged as ADV. The distinction between ADV and NUM is motivated by semantic rather than strictly morphosyntactic considerations.

( (ADVP-TMP (ADV once)				← head of ADVP-TMP
	    (PP (P upon)
		(NP (D a)
		    (N time)))))

( (ADVP-TMP (QP (Q every))
	    (ADV once)				← ONCE treated as having nonspecific sense
	    (PP (P in)
		(NP (D a)
		    (N while)))))

( (ADVP (ADVP (ADV once))			← modifier of ADVP headed by AGAIN
        (ADV again)))

The full form ONE is tagged as either a numeral (NUM) or a noun (N), as discussed below. In doubtful cases, the default is N.

ONE is tagged NUM when used as a numeral or when it contrasts with ANOTHER.

( (NP (NUMP (NUMP (NUM one))
	    (CONJP (CONJ or)
		   (NUMP (NUM two))))
      (NS possibilities)))

( (NP (NP (NUMP (NUM one))
	  (N thing))
      (CONJP (CONJ or)
	     (NP (D another)))))

( (NP (QP (Q every))					← cf. to EACH ONE
      (NUMP (NUM one))
      (PP (P of)
	  (NP (PRO them)))))

ONE is tagged N(S) when used as a pro-form.

( (NP (NP (D a)
	  (ADJP (ADJ blue))
	  (N skirt))
      (CONJP (CONJ and)
	     (NP (D a)
		 (ADJP (ADJ red))
		 (N one)))))

( (NP (ADJP (ADJ red))
      (NS ones)))

( (NP (QP (Q each))				← cf. to EVERY ONE
      (N one)
      (PP (P of)
	  (NP (PRO them)))))

The reduced form of ONE, UN, is treated as a clitic. In the following cases, UN is joined with the preceding orthographic word to form a single lexical item.

( (NP (D an) (N old=un)))

( (NP (NUMP (NUM three))
      (NS young=uns)))

( (NP (PRO them=uns)))

( (NP (PRO we=uns)))

( (NP (PRO you=uns)))

Otherwise, UN is treated as a clitic, but not joined with the preceding word.

( (NP (D that)
      (N =un)))

( (NP (D those)
      (ADJP (ADJ big))
      (NS =uns)))

ONE ANOTHER

• anacoluthic clause-medial conjunction
• dangling conjunction

OR ANYTHING (see AND EVERYTHING)

OR STUFF (see AND EVERYTHING)

( (NP (ADJP (ADJ other))
      (NS possibilities)))

( (NP (NS others)))

Intransitive OUT is tagged as RP. See Internal structure of phrases for the conventions governing whether RP projects PP.

( (VP (VB run)
      (RP out)))

( (VP (VB run)
      (PP (RP out)
	  (PP (P in / 0)
	      (NP (N front)))))))

Transitive OUT takes an NP or (more commonly) a PP complement, depending on its sense. When it has a purely directional or path sense, without any sense of exit, it takes an NP complement.

( (CP-ADV (C If)
	  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO you))
		  (VP (VBP drive)
		      (PP (P out)
			  (NP (D that) (N road)))
		      (NP-MSR (ADJP (ADJR further)))))))

When preceding a PP headed by OF, OUT is tagged as a preposition (P) with a PP complement. When bare OUT has the same meaning as OUT OF, it is annotated the same way, except that the head of the PP complement is silent.

( (VP (VB look)
      (PP (P out)
	  (PP (P of / 0)			← overt or silent OF
	      (NP (D the) (N window))))))

( (VP (VB run)
      (PP (P out)
	  (PP (P of / 0)
	      (NP (D the) (N building))))))

( (VP (VB run)
      (PP (P out)
	  (PP (P of)
	      (NP (N school))))))

( (VP (VB run)
      (PP (P out)
	  (PP (P of)
	      (NP (N coffee))))))

( (PP (P into)
      (PAREN (CONJP (CONJ and)
		    (PP-GAPPING (P out)			← right node raising
				(PP (P of)))))
      (NP (D the) (N building))))

Transitive OVER is tagged as a preposition (P). Intransitive OVER is generally tagged as a particle (RP). However, OVER in the sense of AGAIN is tagged ADV, as it does not have the syntactic distribution of a particle with this sense.

( (PP (P over)
      (NP (D the)
          (N bridge))))

( (VP (VB come)
      (RP on)
      (RP over)))

( (VP (VB bring)
      (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS kids))
      (RP over)))

( (VP (VB bring)
      (RP over)
      (NP-OB1 (D the) (NS kids))))

( (VP (DO do)
      (NP-OB1 (D the) (N work))
      (ADVP (ADV over))))		← ADV not RP; cf. *do over the work

( (ADVP (ADVP (ADV over))
	(CONJP (CONJ and)
	       (ADVP (ADV over)))
        (ADVP (ADV again))))		← postmodifier of conjoined phrase

P (back to top)

Q (back to top)

R (back to top)

S (back to top)

SCORE (see Numbers)

When SO can be paraphrased as AS A RESULT, it introduces a new token and is treated as a clause-initial adverb.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (VP (DOD did@)
              (NEG @n't)
              (VB believe)
              (NP-OB1 (D the)
                      (N rumor)))
           (PUNC ,)))

( (IP-MAT (ADVP (ADV so))
          (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
          (VP (VB checked)
              (PP (P with)
                  (NP (PRO$ my)
                      (N friend))))
           (PUNC .)))

In contexts like the following, SO is treated as an interjection.

( (CP-QUE-MAT (INTJP (INTJ Alright))
              (PUNC ,)
              (INTJP (INTJ so))
              (PUNC ,)
	      (MD can)
    	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	              (VP (HV have)
                          (NP-OB1 (PRO$ your)
                                  (N name))))

              (PUNC ,)
              (INTJ please)
              (PUNC ?)))

Dangling SO is treated as part of the preceding sentence token. It is treated as the head of an adverbial clause modifying the highest verb in the clause, and it precedes BREAK.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO He))
	  (VP (VBD looks)
	      (NP-PRD (D the) (N part))
	      (PUNC ,)
	      (CP-ADV (C so)
		      (CODE <BREAK>)))))

( (CP-ADV (ADVP (ADV so))
	  (C that)
	  (IP-SUB ...)))

( (ADJP (ADVP (ADVR so))
	(ADJ 0)				← see Degree and oomparative heads for further discussion
	(CP-DEG (C that)
		(IP-SUB ...))))

SUCH

( (ADJP (ADV very)
        (ADJ-COMP (ADV super) (ADJ cool))))

( (NP (D a)
      (ADJP (ADJ super))
      (N idea)))

( (PP (ADVP (ADV super))
      (P against)
      (NP (D that)
	  (N idea))))

T (back to top)

TAKE (A) HOLD OF (see GET (A) HOLD OF)

THEM UNS (see ONE)

• a preposition (P)
• the head of an infinitival clause (TO) - in this use, it corresponds to the gerund marker FROM, or
• a particle (RP) - in this (rare) case, TO is stressed

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	  (VP (VBD sent)
	      (NP-OB1 (N word))
	      (PP (P to)
		  (NP (NPR Joe))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The)
		  (N fence))
	  (VP (VBD went)
	      (PP (P to)			← P, not RP, even with ADVP complement
		  (ADVP (ADV there))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (D The)
		  (N fence))
	  (VP (VBD went)
	      (PP (P to)			← P, not RP, even with PP complement
		  (PP (P beyond)
		      (NP (D the)
			  (N shed)))))))
	  (PUNC .)))


( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO We))
	  (VP (VBP expect)
	      (IP-ECM (NP-SBJ (D the) (N situation))
		      (TO to)
		      (VP (VB deteriorate))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (RP (RP to) (CONJ and) (RP fro)))

( (VP (VB lean)
      (NP-OB1 (D the)
	      (N door))
      (RP to)))

TODAY (see NP-TMP)

TOMORROW (see NP-TMP)

U (back to top)

UN (see ONE)

V (back to top)

W (back to top)

WE UNS (see ONE)

WHAT A + noun (see WNP

WHAT THE BLEEP (see Profanity)

WHICH

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	  (VP (VBP forget)
	      (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WD which) (N one))))
	  (PUNC .)))

Otherwise, WHICH is generally treated as a WPRO projecting a WNP.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO I))
	  (VP (VBP forget)
	      (CP-QUE-SUB (WNP (WPRO which))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (NP (D the)
      (N one)
      (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
	      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
		      (VP (VBP like)
			  (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
			  (ADVP (ADVS best))))))))

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
	  (VP (VBD promised)
	      (IP-INF (TO to)
		      (VP (VB buy)
			  (NP-OB2 (PRO her))
			  (NP-OB1 (D a)
				  (N present))
			  (CP-CAR (WNP-1 (WPRO which))
				  (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
					  (VP (DOD did)
					      (NP-OB1 *T*-1)))))))
	  (PUNC .)))

WHICH is sometimes plausibly analyzed as heading a clause-adjoined relative (CP-CAR), but the antecedent-trace relation within the CP-CAR is not clear. In such cases, WHICH is dominated by CP-CAR, but is labelled as X.

( (IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (PRO They))
	  (VP (VBD said)
	      (CP-THT (C-THT 0)
		      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
			      (VP (BED were)
				  (VP (VAG going)
				      (IP-INF (TO to)
					      (VP (VB buy)
						  (NP-OB2 (PRO her))
						  (NP-OB1 (D a)
							  (N present))))
				      (CP-CAR (X which)
					      (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
						      (VP (BED were)))))))))
	  (PUNC .)))

Finally, presumably as an extension of the immediately preceding case, WHICH can bleach to the point of functioning as a simple discourse connective, more or less on a par with AND or BUT. In such cases, WHICH is labelled as X and dominated by IP-MAT.

( (IP-MAT (CONJ and)
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO we))
	  (VP (BED were)
	      (VP (VAG trying)
		  (IP-INF (TO to)
			  (VP (GT get)
			      (IP-ECM (NP-SBJ (PRO her))
				      (TO to)
				      (VP (VB eat)))))))
	  (PUNC .)))

( (IP-MAT (X Which)
	  (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
	  (VP (MD could@)
	      (NEG @n't)
	      (VP (VB swallow)
		  (NP-OB1 (Q+N anything))))
	  (PUNC .)))

WORSE-OFF

WORST-OFF

( (NP (PRO$ their)
      (N-COMP (N net) (N worth))))

X (back to top)

Y (back to top)

YESTERDAY (see NP-TMP)

YOU ALL (see YOU)

YOU GUYS (see YOU)

YOU UNS (see ONE)

YOUR ALL (see YOU)

YOUNG UN (see ONE)

Z (back to top)