Exercise 2.2 Tree (1c) does the best job of representing the constituent structure of the sentence "I put the car in the garage." It treats "the car," "in the garage," and "put the car in the garage" as constituents, thereby accounting for the fact that each of these phrases can be substituted by a pro-form. Thus, we have
Trees (2a) and (2b) are both preferable to (2c) as structures for "I know the guy with the fedora." Substitution of a pronoun for the direct object must replace the entire phrase "the guy with the fedora" and not just "the guy." The movement and it-cleft tests are less informative because PPs in English can be extraposed. Thus, the following sentences are not entirely unacceptable