Kashaya Suffix Forms

Gene Buckley
version of April 23, 2019

This list is intended to help language learners figure out the pieces of a complex verb in Kashaya. Many of these alternations are predictable based on general rules of the language, but since those are complicated, it may be useful to see things laid out. Both the surface form (as it occurs in an actual spoken word) and the more abstract form (which is the same across different realizations) are shown.

NOTES

Click on the heading of a column to sort by that column; click a second time to get the reverse ordering. For more detailed descriptions of suffixes and other grammatical elements, see this related page.

Surface Abstract Description
‑ahmucʼ ‑ahmucʼ Portmanteau: Plural Agent, ‘along’, Distributive
‑ahmuʔ ‑ahmucʼ Portmanteau: Plural Agent, ‘along’, Distributive (before some consonants)
‑ala ‑ala Directional: ‘down’, Inchoative
‑aloq ‑aloq Directional: ‘up here’
‑aloh ‑aloq Directional: ‘up here’ (before a consonant)
‑ad ‑ad Directional: ‘along, here’
‑anʔ ‑ad Directional: ‘along, here’ (before a consonant)
‑d ‑ad Directional: ‘along, here’
‑nʔ ‑ad Directional: ‘along, here’ (before a consonant)
‑ad ‑ad Durative (after a consonant)
‑anʔ ‑ad Durative (after & before a consonant)
‑aʔ ‑ad Durative (after & before some consonants)
‑aduc ‑aduc Directional: ‘afar, away to a distance’
‑adu· ‑aduc Directional: ‘afar, away to a distance’ (before some consonants)
‑adad ‑adad Locomotory
‑adanʔ ‑adad Locomotory (before a consonant)
‑wadad ‑adad Locomotory (after a vowel)
‑wadanʔ ‑adad Locomotory (after a vowel & before a consonant)
‑ac’ac’ ‑ac’ac’ Locomotory; Plural Agent
‑ac’aʔ ‑ac’ac’ Locomotory; Plural Agent (before some consonants)
‑wac’ac’ ‑ac’ac’ Locomotory; Plural Agent
‑wac’aʔ ‑ac’ac’ Locomotory; Plural Agent (after a vowel & before some consonants)
‑aq ‑aq Directional: ‘out from here, north or west from here’
‑ah ‑aq Directional: ‘out from here, north or west from here’ (before a consonant)
‑aqac ‑aqac Directional: ‘up from here’
‑aqa· ‑aqac Directional: ‘up from here’ (before some consonants)
‑aq(o) ‑aq° Directional: ‘out here, north or west to here’
‑ah ‑aq° Directional: ‘out here, north or west to here’ (before a consonant)
‑ay ‑ay Directional: ‘against’
‑a· ‑ay Directional: ‘against’ (before a consonant)
‑a ‑a Factual Evidential (preceded by a consonant & followed by a suffix)
‑wa ‑a Factual Evidential (preceded by a vowel & followed by a suffix)
‑w] ‑a Factual Evidential (preceded by a vowel & at end of word)
‑Ø] ‑a Factual Evidential (preceded by a consonant & at end of word)
‑ba] ‑ba Adverbializer: same subject sequential
‑bem] ‑bem Inferential Subordinative: different subject
‑bina] ‑bina Inferential Subordinative: same subject
‑biw] ‑biw Inferential
‑c ‑c SemelFactual
‑ci ‑c SemelFactual
‑c ‑c Terrestrial
‑ccicʼ ‑ccicʼ Retractive
‑cciʔ ‑ccicʼ Retractive (before some consonants)
‑cid ‑cid Durative, used after a vowel & near the beginning of the word
‑cinʔ ‑cid Durative, used after a vowel & near the beginning of the word (before a consonant)
‑cʼ ‑cʼ Reflexive (after a vowel)
‑ʔ ‑cʼ Reflexive (after a vowel & before some consonants)
‑cʰi] ‑pʰi Adverbializer: same subject future sequential (preceded by /c/ that becomes /h/)
‑cʰila] ‑pʰila Adverbializer: different subject future sequential (preceded by /c/ that becomes /h/)
‑do] ‑do Quotative (Hearsay) Evidential
‑e] ‑e Explanatory
‑el] ‑el Objective
‑l] ‑el Objective (after a vowel)
‑ela] ‑ela Performative
‑wela] ‑ela Performative (after a vowel)
‑em] ‑em Adverbializer: different subject simultaneous
‑wem] ‑em Adverbializer: different subject simultaneous (after a vowel)
‑em] ‑em Responsive
‑m] ‑em Responsive (after a vowel)
‑em] ‑em Subjective
‑m] ‑em Subjective (after a vowel)
‑emu] ‑em Subjective (less common to include /u/)
‑ed ‑ed Durative; after /c/ later in the word
‑enʔ ‑ed Durative; after /c/ later in the word (before a consonant)
‑ec’ ‑ec’ Durative; Plural Agent; after /c/ later in the word
‑eʔ ‑ec’ Durative; Plural Agent; after /c/ later in the word (before some consonants)
‑eti] ‑eti Adverbializer: ‘although’
‑ati] ‑eti Adverbializer: ‘although’ (after /q/)
‑weti] ‑weti Adverbializer: ‘although’ (after a vowel)
‑e·] ‑e· Factual Evidential + Nonfinal Verb (after a consonant)
‑we·] ‑w‑e· Factual Evidential + Nonfinal Verb (after a vowel)
‑ye·] ‑y‑e· Visual Evidential + Nonfinal Verb
‑qa·] ‑q‑e· Circumstantial Evidential + Nonfinal Verb
‑hqa ‑hqa Causative (after a vowel)
‑qa ‑hqa Causative (after a consonant)
‑t ‑ht Plural Movement (only as part of /tʰmucʼ/)
‑ht ‑ht Plural Movement (before a vowel)
‑hti ‑ht Plural Movement (before a consonant)
‑Ø] ‑i Singular Imperative (after a vowel)
‑i] ‑i Singular Imperative (after most consonants)
‑a] ‑i Singular Imperative (after /m/ or /q/)
‑u] ‑i Singular Imperative (after /d/)
‑o] ‑i Singular Imperative (after /oq/)
‑uced ‑uced Durative; used after /d/ (before a vowel)
‑ucenʔ ‑uced Durative; used after /d/ (before a consonant)
‑iyicʼ ‑iyicʼ Durative, Plural Act
‑iyiʔ ‑iyicʼ Durative, Plural Act (before some consonants)
‑icʼ ‑icʼ Reflexive (after a consonant)
‑iʔ ‑icʼ Reflexive (after a consonant and before some consonants)
‑cʼ ‑icʼ Reflexive (after a vowel, sometimes)
‑yicʼ ‑icʼ Reflexive (after a vowel)
‑iyicʼ ‑icʼ Reflexive (after a consonant)
‑im] ‑im Formal Imperative (after most consonants) – see -i for changes to vowel
‑in] ‑in Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after most consonants)
‑n] ‑in Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after a vowel)
‑an] ‑in Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after /m/ or /q/)
‑un] ‑in Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after /d/)
‑on] ‑in Adverbializer: same subject simultaneous (after /oq/)
‑inna ‑inna Aural Evidential (followed by a suffix, after most consonants)
‑in] ‑inna Aural Evidential (at end of word, after most consonants)
‑an] ‑inna Aural Evidential (at end of word, after /m/ or /q/)
‑un] ‑inna Aural Evidential (at end of word, after /d/)
‑insʼ] ‑insʼ Suppositional (after most consonants)
‑nsʼ] ‑insʼ Suppositional (after a vowel)
‑unsʼ] ‑insʼ Suppositional (after /d/)
‑ansʼ] ‑insʼ Suppositional (after /m/ or /q/)
‑onsʼ] ‑insʼ Suppositional (after /oq/)
‑id ‑id Durative; after /c/
‑inʔ ‑id Durative; after /c/ (before a consonant)
‑inʔna] ‑inʔna Potential
‑iš] ‑iš Optative
‑iwac' ‑wac' Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent (in some prosodic contexts)
‑iwaʔ ‑wac' Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent (in some prosodic contexts & before some consonants)
‑wacʼ ‑wac’ Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent
‑waʔ ‑wac’ Durative or Distributive; Plural Agent (before some consonants)
‑uwad ‑uwad Durative or Distributive
‑uwanʔ ‑uwad Durative or Distributive (before a consonant)
‑iyʔ] ‑iya Indirect Imperative (after most suffixes)
‑iya] ‑iya Indirect Imperative (after the negative or assertive)
‑iʔba] ‑iʔba Conditional (after most consonants)
‑ʔba] ‑iʔba Conditional (after a vowel)
‑aʔba] ‑iʔba Conditional (after /m/ or /q/)
‑uʔba] ‑iʔba Conditional (after /d/)
‑oʔba] ‑iʔba Conditional (after /oq/)
‑ibic ‑ibic Directional: ‘up, away’, Inchoative
‑ibi· ‑ibic Directional: ‘up, away’, Inchoative (before some consonants)
‑m ‑m Directional: ‘across, past’
‑m ‑m Essive
‑ma ‑m Essive
‑m ‑m Supraterrestrial
‑mac ‑mac Directional: ‘in from here, south or east from here’
‑mad ‑mad Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’
‑manʔ ‑mad Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’ (before a consonant)
‑mac’ ‑mac’ Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’; Plural Agent
‑maʔ ‑mac’ Directional: ‘in enclosed or defined place’; Plural Agent (before some consonants)
‑maduc ‑maduc Directional: ‘arrive, as far as’
‑madu· ‑maduc Directional: ‘arrive, as far as’ (before a consonant)
‑maq(o) ‑maq° Directional: ‘in here, south or east to here’
‑mah ‑maq° Directional: ‘in here, south or east to here’ (before a consonant)
‑meʔ] ‑meʔ Plural Imperative
‑me..ʔ ‑meʔ Plural Imperative (when a word occurs after the verb)
‑mela] ‑mela Performative Complete
‑med ‑med Durative (after a vowel, later in the word)
‑menʔ ‑med Durative (after a vowel, later in the word & before a consonant)
‑mec’ ‑mec’ Durative, Plural Agent (after a vowel, later in the word)
‑meʔ ‑mec’ Durative, Plural Agent (after a vowel, later in the word & before some consonants)
‑mi ‑mi Remote Past
‑mucʼ ‑mucʼ Reciprocal
‑muʔ ‑mucʼ Reciprocal (before some consonants)
‑mul ‑mul Directional: ‘around’
‑pʰi] ‑pʰi Adverbializer: same subject future sequential
‑pʰila] ‑pʰila Adverbializer: different subject future sequential
‑qa ‑qa Circumstantial Evidential (before a suffix)
‑qʰ] ‑qʰ Circumstantial Evidential (at end of word)
‑sʼuw] ‑sʼuw Mandatory
‑še] ‑še Speculative
‑teʔ] ‑teʔ Performative Intentive
‑te ‑teʔ Performative Intentive (when followed by a suffix)
‑ti] ‑ti General Intentive
‑tʰmucʼ ‑tʰmucʼ Portmanteau: Plural Agent, ‘along’, Distributive, Plural Movement
‑tʰmuʔ ‑tʰmucʼ Portmanteau: Plural Agent, ‘along’, Distributive, Plural Movement (before some consonants)
‑tʰ ‑tʰ Negative
‑tʰi ‑tʰi Negative
‑tʰuʔ] ‑tʰuʔ Negative Imperative
‑tʰu..ʔ ‑tʰuʔ Negative Imperative (with a word following the verb)
‑w ‑w Movement
‑w] ‑w Absolutive (after a vowel)
‑u] ‑w Absolutive (after /d/)
‑wa] ‑wa Interrogative
‑wad ‑wad Distributive or Durative
‑wanʔ ‑wad Distributive or Durative (before a consonant)
‑wi ‑wi First‑Person Object
‑we..ʔ ‑wi First‑Person Object (in an imperative verb)
‑ya ‑ya Visual Evidential (with a following suffix)
‑y] ‑ya Visual Evidential (at end of word)
‑yic ‑yic Inceptive
‑yicʼ ‑yicʼ Reflexive
‑ʔ] ‑w Absolutive (after most consonants)
‑ʔced ‑ʔced Defunctive
‑ʔcenʔ ‑ʔced Defunctive (before a consonant)
‑ʔcicʼ ‑ʔcic’ Defunctive; Plural Agent
‑ʔciʔ ‑ʔcic’ Defunctive; Plural Agent (before some consonants)
‑ʔkʰe] ‑ʔkʰe (Simple or General) Future
‑kʰe] ‑ʔkʰe (Simple or General) Future (after some consonants)
‑u·li] ‑ʔli Adverbializer: different subject sequential (after /d/)
‑wli] ‑ʔli Adverbializer: different subject sequential (after a vowel)
‑ʔli] ‑ʔli Adverbializer: different subject sequential (after most consonants)