U. Lutz and G. Muller (eds) Studies on Wh-Scope Marking. Arbeitspapiere des SFB 340. University of Stuttgart/University of Tübingen
Dayal, Veneeta "Scope Marking: In Defense of Indirect Dependency" This paper maintains that the matrix wh in a scope marking structure sets the quantification in the question to be over propositional variables, but the restriction on this variable is provided by the complement CP. It departs on earlier formulations of the indirect dependency approach to scope marking in allowing cross-linguistic variation in the syntax though not in the semantics. Adapting a proposal of Reis (same volume) relating scope marking structures to parenthetical constructions, it argues for a range of options that languages may exercise with respect to subordination of the CP complement. Empirical evidence from English, Hindi and German is presented to argue for a three-way distinction. The paper ends with some predictions about scope marking structures that the indirect dependency approach makes.
Mahajan, Anoop "Some Implications of Partial Wh-Movement in Hindi" and Gisebert Fanselow and Anoop Mahajan "Wh-expletive Constructions in German and Hindi", propose an alternative to the direct and indirect dependency approaches to scope marking. According to them, the embedded question is the complement of the scope marker, i.e. the underlying structure is something like [DP kyaa [CP who Mary will talk to]]. However, following Kayne's view that so-called SOV languages like Hindi are really SVO, they take such DP's to be generated to the right of the verb. The surface order is derived by movement of the scope marker kyaa to a position to the left of the matrix verb. At LF, kyaa moves to spec and the stranded CP also lands there, replacing it in the process. This approach shares with the indirect dependency approach the view that the scope marker originates in argument position and that the CP is associated with the scope marker in the same way that a common noun is associated with a determiner. But Mahajan and Fanselow make a crucial departure from that proposal in claiming that at LF, the matrix Q-operator can be co- indexed with the spec of its spec (i.e. with the embedded wh expression), thereby yielding a wide scope interpretation for the embedded wh expression. This brings in an element of the direct dependency approach into the picture.
Other papers in the volume also discuss Hindi scope marking as does the introduction by Arnim von Stechow.