The following forms are written phonetically. Determine the relationship between the voiced and voiceless stops and affricates. Justify your answer. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, state the rule governing their distribution. If they are distinct phonemes, explain why.
| niska | goose |
| kodak | another |
| asaba:p | thread |
| wasko:w | cloud |
| paskwa:w | prairie |
| ni:gi | my house |
| ko:gos | pig |
| tahki | often |
| namwa:ʧ | not at all |
| ospwa:gan | pipe |
| miʤihʧij | hand |
| nisto | three |
| ʧi:gahigan | axe |
| a:dim | dog |
| mi:bit | tooth |
| pime: | lard |
| mide | heart |
| o:gik | these |
| ʧihʧij | finger |
| wa:bos | rabbit |
| na:be:w | man |
| mi:ʤiwin | food |
On the basis of the following data, describe the sound changes between the proto-language and the daughter language.
| Proto. | Daughter | Gloss |
| jukɨr | jukɨ | salt |
| moajan | moajã | push |
| puʔam | puʔã | wet |
| meʔeŋ | meʔẽ | give |
| tiŋ | ʧĩ | white |
| potiʔa | poʧiʔa | chest |
| tatatiŋ | tataʧĩ | smoke |
| kɨb | kɨ | louse |
| men | mẽ | husband |
On the basis of the following data for two related native languages of Canada, discuss the relationship between /z/ and /ts/. That is, explain how things got this way. State what sound changes occurred to produce the current distribution of /z/ and /ts/ and account for any exceptions.
| A | B | Gloss |
| ʔaz | ʔats | outside |
| guz | Guts | scale (of fish) |
| xwuz | hots | over there |
| baɬats | baɬats | potlatch (ceremony originating elsewhere) |
| ʔuts | ʔuts | oats |
| xwʌzk'ʌz | hozk'its | it is cold |
| -biz | -bits | aunt |
| ʔiɬiz | ʔeɬits | forever |
| tsʌz | tsits | firewood |
| dats'uz | dets'uz | shrew |
| -jiz | -jiz | long |
On the basis of the following data, determine the subgrouping of the four languages. Justify your conclusions. ( /w/ and /j/ immediately following consonants represent very short vowels.)
| Protoform | A | B | C | D | Gloss |
| ratw | rat | ratw | rat | raw | basket |
| vupw | vup | vuvu | vup | vuvw | fishtrap |
| ramw | ram | ramw | ram | ramw | club |
| vasianj | vaian | vaianj | vaian | vasianj | sling |
| samanj | aman | amanj | aman | samanj | outrigger |
| palj | pal | palj | pal | pali | house |
| lipilipj | liplip | livilivu | liplip | ----- | fence |
| pemw | pemu | pemw | pem | pemw | axe |
| pisa | pia | pia | pia | pisa | ground |
| tiripw | tirip | tirivu | tirip | tirivw | green coconut |
| kabaŋj | kabaŋ | kabaŋj | kabaŋ | kabaŋj | lime |
| upw | up | uvu | ---- | uvw | yam |
| talisa | talia | talia | talia | talisa | nut |
| papi | pap | pavu | pap | ---- | dog |
| taŋisj | taŋi | taŋi | taŋi | taŋisj | cry |
| iapj | iap | iavu | iap | iavj | fire |
| mulisi | muli | muli | muli | mulisj | orange |
| beso | beo | beo | beo | beso | bird |
| lisi | li | lia | li | lisj | nits |
| sikilikj | ikilik | ikilikj | ikilik | sikilikj | small |
| tasj | ta | tai | ta | tasj | sea |
Decide which two of the following three languages are genetically related. Justify your conclusion. Give reconstructions for those words that you believe are inherited from the common ancestor of the two related languages and state the rules necessary to derive the attested forms. If changes must have applied in a certain order, indicate the order. Explain as best you can any similarities that you note between the third, unrelated language, and the other two.
| Gloss | A | B | C |
| water | tu | ap | to |
| wheel | kuma | xuma | mas |
| fire | pok | hi | pox |
| tree | ki | tin | ke |
| flower | fana | kesat | fanar |
| hand | lamu | mina | lamo |
| priest | bel | ber | per |
| rock | isik | sep | isix |
| foot | kanok | mar | kanox |
| head | tamu | nasir | tamo |
| mud | peli | loso | pale |
| nose | teir | samo | terir |
| eye | meti | naka | mate |
| sister | sau | des | saro |
| hymn | dakot | dakot | takot |
| horse | nemi | nami | soxam |
| rifle | kali | kali | pula |
| radio | kori | kori | pejot |
| my water | situʔ | api | situʔ |
| my flower | sifanaʔ | kesati | sifanar |
| my head | sitamuʔ | nasiri | sitamuʔ |
| her water | putuʔ | apes | putuʔ |
| her flower | pufanaʔ | kesates | pufanar |