No distinction is made between singular and plural adjectives in the positive degree.

In the comparative and superlative degrees, no distinctions are made with respect to the case or number of adjectives.

Possessive adjectives receive the “dash” tag -POS.

The basic tag for basic color terms is ADJ.

If a color term is also a substantive noun (e.g., orange in English), then it may be tagged either ADJ or N depending on the syntactic context.

Color terms that neither modify a noun nor function as the predicate of a clause are tagged N. For example, in English:

Ordinal numbers are tagged ADJ.

πρῶτος also has an adverbial use. See πρῶτος for details.

Cases where an ordinal might be expected but without overt ordinal marking are treated as cardinal numbers (NUM).

All cardinal numbers are tagged NUM.

Cardinal numbers that only exist in adjectival form (e.g., χίλιοι) are tagged ADJ.

Greek equivalents of words such as double, treble, triple, etc., twice (see δίς, thrice, and once when analogous in meaning to twice, thrice are always tagged NUM.

(ADVP (NUM δὶς))                            
                        

(Mark 14:30)

Words such as double and score are treated as cardinal numbers, on a par with hundred and thousand, and tagged NUM. There may or may not be Greek parallels to this type of case.

The clitic particles γε and τε both have their own tags: CLGE and CLTE, respectively.

The modal particles κε(ν)/κα and ἄν also have their own tags: KE and AN, respectively.

In the singular and third person plural of the oblique cases (not the genitive in the case of the third plural), the clitic forms of the personal pronouns—e.g., με, σε, μιν, σφι, σφεας, μου, σου (not a complete list!)—are tagged CLPRO\$, CLPROA, CLPROD as appropriate.

The second-position sentential particles receive the tag CLPRT. These are: δέ, δή, πω, οὖν, γάρ, μέν, νυν, τοι, ἄρα, ἤ, μήν. Other second-position (but not necessarily sentential) particles are: περ, ποτε

Particles in combination with other particles or other items receive multiple tags tags separated with a hyphen. The forms themselves are also hyphenated to indicate the segmentation. For example, καί-τοι receives the tag CONJ-CLPRT and τοί-νυν receives the tag CLPRT-CLPRT.

ὅτι, ἵνα, ὅτε, etc. introducing any kind of subordinate clause are tagged C.

ὡς can be tagged C, WADV, ADV, or P depending on the syntactic context.

Likewise, ἤ can be tagged CONJ, C, or P depending on the syntactic context.

The following items are tagged CONJ when used as coordinating conjunctions: καί, ἤ, ἀλλά, εἴτε.

Sentential conjunctions that are token-initial are tagged CONJ0.

The following items contain CONJ as part of a compound tag NEG+CONJ when used as coordinating conjunctions: οὐδέ, μηδέ. See the section called “Compound NEG Tags”.

The following items contain CLTE as part of a compound tag NEG+CLTE when used as coordinating conjunctions: οὔτε, μήτε. See the section called “Compound NEG Tags”.

In cases of correlative conjunction (the section called “Correlative Conjunction”), each of the correlative conjunctions is tagged CONJ: καί...καί, ἤ...ἤ, εἴτε...εἴτε, οὔτε...οὔτε, μήτε...μήτε.

The clitic conjunctive particle τε is tagged CLTE. See the section called “Clitics (CL)”

The following lemmas are tagged with D: ὁ, οὗτος, ἐκεῖνος, ὅδε.

Demonstratives are always tagged D, regardless of whether they precede a noun. Note the difference between ordinary determiners and wh-words (see the section called “Wh- Words (W)” for details) in this regard.

If a potential foreign word has an entry in the LSJ^[1], it is not tagged as FW. This is true even for nouns that retain a foreign plural.

Foreign names are treated as nouns.

Titles (e.g., of literary works) in foreign languages are generally tagged as FW.

In foreign language sequences, everything (words, symbols, numbers, etc.) except punctuation is labeled FW.

INTJ is only used to tag words that are difficult or impossible to tag any other way, like the following: ὦ, παπαῖ, ναί, οὐαί, ἀμήν, ἰδού, ὡσαννά (not a complete list).

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CODE {VS:6_2})
              (INTJ ἀμὴν)
              (NP-SBJ *pro*)
              (VBP-IMPF λέγω)
              (NP-OB2 (PROD ὑμῖν))
              (, ,)
              (IP-MAT-SPE (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                          (VBP-IMPF ἀπέχουσιν)
                          (NP-OB1 (DA τὸν)
                                  (NA μισθὸν)
                                  (NP-ATR (PRO$ αὐτῶν))))
              (. .))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                            
                        

When preceding another imperative verb, the following are also tagged as INTJ: ἄγε, ἄγετε, φέρε, ἴθι.

The particles οὐ and μή are tagged NEG.

The following items contain NEG as part of a compound tag NEG+CONJ when used as coordinating conjunctions: οὐδέ, μηδέ.

The following items contain NEG as part of a compound tag NEG+CLTE when used as coordinating conjunctions: οὔτε, μήτε.

In addition, the lemmas οὐδείς, μηδείς, οὐδέτερος, and μηδέτερος contain NEG as part of a compound tag NEG+Q, and words such as οὐκέτι, μηδαμῶς are tagged NEG+ADV, while οὔποτε and μήποτε are tagged NEG+CLPRT.

The lemmas οὐδαμός and μηδαμός contain NEG as part of the compound tag NEG+ADJ.

Foreign names are tagged as nouns (N) rather than as foreign words (FW).

εἰ/C δὲ/CLPRT ἐγὼ/PRO ἐν/P Βεεζεβοὺλ/ND ἐκβάλλω/VBP-IMPF τὰ/DSA δαιμόνια/NSA                            
                        

(Luke 11.19)

Formally singular count nouns are tagged as singular (N), even when construed with a plural verb. Likewise, formally plural count nouns are tagged as plural (NS), even when construed with a singular verb (e.g., neuter plurals in Classical Greek).

Collective nouns such as λαός are tagged according to their morphological number (i.e., N for singular in this case), even if they are construed with a plural verb.

In general, forms with an overt adjectival suffix are tagged ADJ even if they are used as substantives.

καὶ/CONJ ἀφοριοῦσιν/VBP-FUT τοὺς/DSA πονηροὺς/ADJA ἐκ/P μέσου/N$ τῶν/DS$ δικαίων/ADJ$                            
                        

(Matthew 13.49)

Units of measure after numbers are tagged as singular or plural depending on overt number marking.

Common nouns standing in a genitive relationship with other nouns are tagged N$, NS$.

Words referring to groups of people (ethnic, ideological, or religious) are handled as follows: if the word has a morphologically adjectival form, it is tagged ADJ.

All pronouns are tagged PRO except the clitic pronouns (CLPRO) and the indefinite clitic pronoun τις/τι (CLQ).

Reflexive pronouns are tagged with compound tags consisting of a PRO* tag followed by the dash tag -SLF.

Reciprocal pronouns will be identifiable by lemma in the final version of the corpus.

When αὐτός is used as a non-argument reflexive, it is still tagged PRO. See αὐτός for details.

The modal particle ἄν is tagged AN. Its dialectal variants κε(ν) and κα are tagged KE.

Words consisting of a complementizer plus the modal particle ἄν—e.g.,ὅταν—are tagged with the compound tag C+AN.

The interrogative particle ἆρα is always tagged PRTQ.

Other particles such as οὐχί, μήτι, and οὐκοῦν are only tagged PRTQ when they appear in questions and do not have any of their negative force.

When εἰ appears in a direct question (and doesn't get translated at all), it is tagged PRTQ instead of WQ.

Prepositions are tagged P.

Words traditionally analyzed as adverbs—e.g., ἔξω—that take a nominal complement (often in the genitive) are tagged P when they appear with such complements, ADV otherwise.

(NP-SBJ *pro*)
(VBD-AOR ἐξῆλθεν)
(PP (P ἔξω)
    (NP (D$ τῆς) (N$ πόλεως)))
(PP (P εἰς)
    (NP (NPRA Βηθανίαν)))                            
                        

(Matthew 21.17)

Prepositions in a wh- prepositional phrase (WPP) are tagged WP to facilitate the creation of the correct type of trace for these in the emacs parser-mode.

Final punctuation indicates the end of a token. Note, however, that tokens can terminate without any punctuation.

Question marks (Greek ;) are tagged as sentence-final punctuation (usually) or sentence-internal punctuation depending on their relationships to the end of the token.

Periods preceding sentence-final quotes are tagged as sentence-final punctuation. The quotes are tagged as themselves.

All other sentence punctuation that does not coincide with the end of a token is tagged with a comma.

Interpuncts in the original text are represented by interpuncts in the annotated corpus. By default, they are tagged with ‘.’ but their tags should be changed to ‘,’ when they do not serve as sentence-final punctuation. (Note that an interpunct preceding a sentence final quote would count as sentence-final punctuation.)

Single and double quotation marks are tagged as double quotes. Directionality is not preserved.

Colons are replaced by periods by default, even when sentence-internal, due to interference with the colon in certain CODE elements, including chapter and verse markers.

Words belonging to the following lemmas are usually tagged Q: πᾶς, ἅπας, ἀμφότεροι, ἕκαστος, μάλιστα, μᾶλλον, ὀλίγος, πλεῖστος, πολύς, σύμπας, τοσοῦτος.

The word half is tagged Q when it acts adverbially (roughly comparable to partially) or when it precedes a determiner.

Words containing the negative οὐ or μή are tagged with the compound tag NEG+Q. See the section called “Compound NEG Tags”.

The forms of the verb εἰμί are distinguished from all other verbs, but no distinction is made in the tag between auxiliary and main verb uses. In the syntactically annotated (parsed) files, auxiliary forms of εἰμί can be distinguished from main verb forms by the presence of a participle in the clause.

Modals are not at present distinguished from other verbs.

All participles get *PR(P) tags regardless of whether the participle is being used attributively (i.e., adjectivally) or not. Attributive versus circumstantial use is distinguished in the syntactic annotation: see the section called “Reduced Relative Clauses”, the section called “Participial Clauses”.

Middle and passive verbs both receive the *P tags. Even when a middle verb has active syntax—i.e., it takes a direct object in the accusative—it still receives the *P tag.

Syntactically passive verbs—that is, verbs that are passive with respect to their syntax, regardless of whether they are ambiguously middle/passive or unambiguously passive with respect to their morphology—receive the -PASS dash tag.

Syntactically active verbs that have middle or passive morphology receive either a -TRNS1 or a -TRNS2 dash tag, depending on what type of complement they take (see the table above).

Note that taking a NP-OB2 argument regularly does not qualify a verb for receiving a -TRNS1 or -TRNS2 tag. See ἐτάξετο and ἀπεκρίθη in the examples below.

( (IP-MAT (CODE {VS:28_16})
          (NP-SBJ (DS Οἱ-ὁ) (CLPRT δὲ-δέ) (NUM ἕνδεκα-ἕνδεκα) (NS μαθηταὶ-μαθητής))
          (VBDP-AOR-INTRNS ἐπορεύθησαν-πορεύομαι)
          (PP (P εἰς-εἰς)
              (NP (DA τὴν-ὁ) (NPRA Γαλιλαίαν-Γαλιλαία)))
          (PP (P εἰς-εἰς)
              (NP (DA τὸ-ὁ)
                  (NA ὄρος-ὄρος)
          (CP-REL (WADVP-1 (WADV οὗ-οὗ))
                  (C 0)
                  (IP-SUB (ADVP-LOC *T*-1)
                          (VBDP-AOR-INTRNS ἐτάξατο-τάσσω)
                          (NP-OB2 (PROD αὐτοῖς-αὐτός))
                          (NP-SBJ (D ὁ-ὁ) (NPR Ἰησοῦς-Ἰησοῦς))))))
          (, ,))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                            
                        

( (IP-MAT (CODE {VS:27_14})
          (CONJ καὶ-καί)
          (NEG οὐκ-οὐ)
          (NP-SBJ *pro*)
          (VBDP-AOR-INTRNS ἀπεκρίθη-ἀποκρίνομαι)
          (NP-OB2 (PROD αὐτῷ-αὐτός))
          (PP (P πρὸς-πρός)
              (NP (NEG-ADV οὐδὲ-οὐδέ) (NUM ἓν-εἷς) (NA ῥῆμα-ῥῆμα)))
          (, ,)
          (CP-RES (C-CLTE ὥστε-ὥστε)
                  (IP-INF (VBN-IMPF θαυμάζειν-θαυμάζω)
                          (NP-SBJ (DA τὸν-ὁ) (NA ἡγεμόνα-ἡγεμών))
                          (ADVP (ADV λίαν-λίαν))))
          (. .))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                            
                        

Verbs that have middle or passive morphology but do not have (obvious) active or passive syntax get the -INTRNS tag. This covers many situations:

Future verbs receive the -FUT dash tag, which extends a VBP* base POS tag. A dash tag was chosen to represent future rather than an additional base POS tag (e.g., VBF/VBFP) because of the existence of future infinitives, future participles, and future optatives, which would be impossible to distinguish otherwise.

Note that the existence of future perfect passive verbs in Greek forces the possibility of a verb’s having up to three dash tags: VBPP-FUT-PRF-PASS. In cases of two or three verbal dash tags, the tags should be applied in the order tense-aspect-voice.

Subjunctives and optatives are distinguished from indicative verb forms. Optatives in 2◦ secondary representing original indicatives receive the -IND dash tag, while optatives in 2◦ sequence representing original subjunctives receive the -KJV dash tag.

Aspect is indicated on verbs with the dash tags -IMPF (= imperfective, includes the imperfect tense, present subjunctive, etc.), -AOR (= aorist/perfective, includes the aorist indicative, aorist subjunctive, etc.), and -PRF (= perfect, includes the present perfect, pluperfect, etc.).

Only voice, aspect, and tense, but not number or gender, are distinguished on participles.

Wh- words that are used as interjections are tagged with the appropriate POS tag (not as INTJ). Their function is indicated at the phrasal level; see the section called “Interjections (INTJ)”.

Wh- adverbs (πῶς, πότε, ποῦ, πόθεν, etc. including ὅ-variants) are tagged WADV.

Compound wh- words receive compound tags. For example, ἵνατί receives the compound tag WADV+CLQA.

τίς, ὅς, and ποῖος are tagged WD when not acting as the head of a wh- noun phrase, and as WPRO otherwise. Note the difference in this regard between wh- words and ordinary determiners, which are tagged as determiners invariably. See the section called “Notes” for details and examples.

ὅστις is tagged WPRO+CLQ.

ὅτε is tagged C when introducing adverbial clauses and as WADV when introducing questions (including indirect questions) or relative clauses. Ambiguous cases are taken as the wh- word.

Quantificational interrogative/relative adjectives such as πόσος ‘how many’ are tagged WADJ.

Dash tags indicate syntactic subcategory or function. In general, phrase labels indicate a constituent’s category (NP, PP, ADJP, etc.). Additional labels (so-called dash tags), which are separated from the category label by a hyphen, indicate subcategory or function:

All clause labels carry a dash tag. Not all phrases are labeled with a dash tag, and more than one such tag is possible (IP-INF-PRP = purpose infinitive, NP-SBJ-RSP = resumptive subject noun phrase, etc.). See the section called “Internal Structure of Clauses” for further basic information and Chapter 9, Subordinate Clauses for detailed discussion.

All sentence-level NPs carry a dash tag. Bare NPs are either complements of a nonverbal head (e.g., a preposition), or part of a conjunction structure.

(IP-MAT (NP-TMP (N Yesterday))          ← temporal NP
        (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))             ← subject
        (VBD told)
        (NP-OB2 (NPR Jane))             ← second object
        (CP-THT (C that)
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (PRO she))
                        (VBD studied)
                        (NP-MSR (QP (ADVR too) (Q much)))   ← measure NP
                        (PP (P during)
                            (NP (D the) (N+N weekend))))))  ← no dash tag    
                        

ADVPs are marked for function as directional (ADVP-DIR), locative (ADVP-LOC), or temporal (ADVP-TMP). Other functions are unmarked.

(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
        (ADVP (ADV happily))
        (VBD put)
        (NP-OB1 (D the) (N book))
        (ADVP-LOC (ADV there))
        (ADVP-TMP (ADV+WARD afterward)))                            
                        

PPs are not marked for function. However, parenthetical PPs are possible.

(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
        (VBD put)
        (NP-OB1 (D the) (N book))
        (PP (P on)
            (NP (D the) (N table)))
        (PP (P on)
            (NP (NPR Saturday))))                            
                        

Sentence-level constituents bear phrasal labels.

	Caution
	Exception: IP can immediately dominate the following word-level constituents: verbal material (auxiliaries, modals, verbs, participles) sentential conjunctions (CONJ0) single-word interjections (INTJ) sentential negation (NEG) floated quantifiers (Q*) particles (AN, CLGE, CLPRT, KE, PRTQ) word-level constituents indexed with an *ICH*-trace

In general, no intermediate projections. Intermediate projections (N', ADJ', etc.) are represented only in certain conjunction structures and situations involving movement. The absence of intermediate projections has several consequences:

Single words that are not sentence-level constituents do not project phrasal nodes if the phrasal node would share the same category as the head.

(NP (D a) (ADJ big) (N cat))            ← single-word case

(NP (D a)
    (ADJP (ADV very) (ADJ big))         ← multi-word case
    (N cat))                            
                        

Default high attachment. In cases where the attachment level of constituents is ambiguous or difficult to determine, the default is to attach as high as possible.

(IP-MAT (NP-SBJ (NPR Mary))
        (VBD saw)
        (NP-OB1 (D the) (N man))
        (PP (P with)                    ← high by default
            (NP (D the) (N telescope))))

(NP (D the)
    (N story)
    (CP-REL (WNP-1 0)
            (C that)
            (IP-SUB (NP-ACC *T*-1)
                    (NP-SBJ (PRO they))
                    (VBP tell)))
    (PP (P about)                       ← high by default
        (NP (PRO the)
            (N king))))
(NP (D the)
    (N story)
    (RRC (BAG being)
         (VAN told))
    (PP (P about)                       ← high by default
        (NP (PRO the)
            (N king))))                            
                        

IP-MAT serving as a subject:

( (IP-MAT (CODE {VS:4_4})
          (NP-SBJ (D ὁ-ὁ))
          (CLPRT δὲ-δέ)
          (IP-PPL (VPRP-AOR ἀποκριθεὶς-ἀποκρίνομαι))
          (VBD-AOR εἶπεν-λέγω)
          (IP-MAT-SPE (VBPP-PRF-PASS Γέγραπται-γράφω)
                      (IP-MAT-SPE-SBJ (PP (PP (NEG Οὐκ-οὐ)
                                              (P ἐπ'-ἐπί)
                                              (NP (ND ἄρτῳ-ἄρτος) (ADJD μόνῳ-μόνος)))
                                          (CONJP *ICH*-1))
                                      (VBPP-FUT ζήσεται-ζάω)
                                      (NP-SBJ (D ὁ-ὁ) (N ἄνθρωπος-ἄνθρωπος))
                                      (, ,)
                                      (CONJP-1 (CONJ ἀλλ'-ἀλλά)
                                               (PP (P ἐπὶ-ἐπί)
                                                   (NP (QD παντὶ-πᾶς)
                                                       (ND ῥήματι-ῥῆμα)
                                                       (RRC (VPRPD-IMPF ἐκπορευομένῳ-ἐκπορεύομαι)
                                               (PP (P διὰ-διά)
                                                   (NP (N$ στόματος-στόμα)
                                                       (NP-ATR (N$ θεοῦ-θεός))))))))))
          (. .))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                            
                        

IP-MAT serving as a predicate:

( (IP-IMP-SPE (CODE {VS:9_13})
              (IP-PPL (VPRP-AOR πορευθέντες-πορεύομαι))
              (CLPRT δὲ-δέ)
              (VBI-AOR μάθετε-μανθάνω)
              (CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO τί-τίς))
                          (C 0)
                          (IP-SUB-SPE (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                                      (BEP-IMPF ἐστιν-εἰμί)
                                      (IP-MAT-PRD (NP-OB1 (NP (NA Ἔλεος-ἔλεος))
                                                  (CONJP *ICH*-2))
                                                  (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                                                  (VBP-IMPF θέλω-θέλω)
                                                  (CONJP-2 (CONJ καὶ-καί)
                                                           (NP (NEG οὐ-οὐ) (NA θυσίαν-θυσία))))))
              (. .))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                                
                            

No overt subject:

(IP-IMP (VBI-IMPF ὕπαγε)
        (PP (P εἰς)
            (NP (DA τὸν)
                (NA οἶκόν)
                (NP-ATR (CLPRO$ σου)))))                                
                            

(Matthew 9.6)

Overt subject:

(IP-IMP (VBI-AOR ἐλθάτω)
        (NP-SBJ (D ἡ)                   ← overt subject
                (N βασιλεία)
                (NP-ATR (CLPRO$ σου)))))                                
                            

(Matthew 6.10)

Overt complementizer:

(CP-THT (C ὅτι)                         ← overt complementizer
        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (NPR Ἰωάνης))
                (VBDP-AOR-PASS παρεδόθη))))                                
                            

(Matthew 4.12)

No overt complementizer:

(IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
        (VBP-PRF οἴδατε)
        (CP-THT (C 0)                   ← null complementizer
                (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                        (VBD-AOR ἐστερέωσεν)))) (Acts 3.16)                                
                            

certain adverbial clauses (CP-ADV)

clause-adjoined relatives (CP-CAR)

comparative clauses (CP-CMP)

exclamatives (CP-EXL)

free relatives (CP-FRL)

questions (CP-QUE)

relative clauses (CP-REL)

Both wh- and complementizer positions filled (possibly restricted to NTG; 42 examples in the GNT):

(CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPRO ὅσα))
        (C+AN ἐὰν)
        (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                (VBS-IMPF θέλητε)
                (CP-COM (C ἵνα)
                        (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                                (VBS-IMPF ποιῶσιν)
                                (NP-OB2 (PROD ὑμῖν))
                                (NP-SBJ (DS οἱ) (NS ἄνθρωποι))))))                                
                            

(Matthew 7.12)

Only wh- position filled:

(CP-QUE (WADVP-1 (WADV Τί))
        (C 0)
        (IP-SUB (ADVP *T*-1)
                (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                (VBPX-IMPF (VBPP-IMPF θορυβεῖσθε) (CONJ καὶ) (VBP-IMPF κλαίετε))))                                
                            

(Mark 5.39)

Only complementizer position filled (rare in Greek; 1 example in the GNT):

(CP-QUE-SPE (WNP-1 (WPRO Τίς))
            (CLPRT ἄρα)
            (C 0)
            (IP-SUB (NP-PRD *T*-1)
                    (NP-SBJ-LFD (D οὗτός)
                                (CP-REL *ICH*-2))
                    (BEP-IMPF ἐστιν)
                    (CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
                              (C ὅτι)
                              (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ADV καὶ)
                                              (NP (D ὁ) (N ἄνεμος))
                                              (CONJP (CONJ καὶ)
                                                     (NP (D ἡ) (N θάλασσα))))
                                      (VBP-IMPF ὑπακούει)
                                      (NP-OBP-RSP-3 (PROD αὐτῷ))))))                                
                            

(Mark 4.41)

NP complements of adjectives are labeled NP-COM.

(ADJP-PRD (NP-COM (CLPRO$ μου))
          (ADJ ἄξιος))                                
                            

(Matthew 10.37)

Genitive NPs following comparative adjectives, however, are labeled NP-CMP.

(NP-SBJ (D ὁ)
        (CLPRT δὲ)
        (RRC (PP (P ὀπίσω)
                 (NP (CLPRO$ μου)))
             (VPRP-IMPF ἐρχόμενος)))
(ADJP-PRD (ADJR ἰσχυρότερός)
          (NP-CMP (CLPRO$ μου)))
(BEP-IMPF ἐστίν)                                
                            

(Matthew 3.11)

PP complements of ADJ:

(ADJP-PRD (ADJ μέγας)
          (PP (P ἐνώπιον)
              (NP (N$ Κυρίου))))                                
                            

(Luke 1.15)

CP complements of ADJ:

adverbs:

(ADJP (ADJA μεγάλην) (ADV σφόδρα))                                
                            

(Matthew 1.17)

adverb phrases:

(ADJP-PRD (ADVP (ADVR περισσότερον) (ADV ἔτι))
          (ADJ κατάδηλόν))                                
                            

(Hebrews 7.15)

PP complements of ADV:

(ADVP-LOC (NEG οὐ)
          (ADV μακρὰν)
          (PP (P ἀπὸ)
              (NP (NUM ἑνὸς)
                  (Q$ ἑκάστου)
                  (NP-PAR (PRO$ ἡμῶν)))))                                
                            

(Acts 17.27)

Comparative complements of ADV (CP-CMP).

(ADVP (QR μᾶλλον)
      (CP-CMP (WADVP-2 0)
              (C ἢ)
              (IP-SUB=1 (ADVP *T*-2)
                        (PP (P ἐπὶ)
                            (NP (DSD τοῖς)
                                (NUMP (NUM ἐνενήκοντα)
                                      (NUM ἐννέα))
                                (NP-PRN (DSD τοῖς)
                                        (RRC (NEG μὴ) (VPRPD-PRF πεπλανημένοις))))))))                                
                            

(Matthew 18.13)

Degree complements of ADV (CP-DEG).

(ADVP (ADVR οὕτως)
      (CP-DEG (C ὥστε)
              (IP-INF (VBN-AOR πιστεῦσαι)
                      (NP-SBJ (NP-PAR (ADJ$ Ἰουδαίων) (CLTE τε) (CONJ καὶ) (NPRS$ Ἑλλήνων))
                              (ADJA πολὺ)
                              (NA πλῆθος)))))                                
                            

(Acts 14.1)

adverbs and adverb phrases:

(ADVP (ADV καὶ) (ADV πάλιν))                                
                            

(Acts 17.32)

quantifiers and quantifier phrases:

(ADVP (QD πολλῷ) (QR μᾶλλον))                                
                            

(Mark 10.48)

Noun phrases are canonically headed by a nominal element, most commonly a noun or a pronoun.

An NP without an overt nominal element (N, CLPRO, PRO) is assumed to have an empty nominal head. The empty head is not explicitly included in the annotation, but is implicit in the NP that it projects. An NP may therefore consist entirely of a demonstrative, adjective, number, quantifier, or possessive expression, or of phrases containing these elements, as illustrated by the following examples and as discussed in more detail below.

demonstrative:

(NP-OB1 (DSA Ταῦτα))                            
                        

(Matthew 1.20)

adjective:

(NP (DD τῇ) (ADJD ἐρήμῳ))                            
                        

(Matthew 3.3)

number:

(NP (NUM ἑνὸς)
    (Q$ ἑκάστου)
    (NP-PAR (PRO$ ἡμῶν)))                            
                        

(Acts 17.27)

quantifier:

(NP-SBJ (Q πάντα))                            
                        

(Matthew 5.18)

possessive expression:

(NP-ATR (CLPRO$ μου))                            
                        

(Mark 16.17)

At the clausal level, comparative adjectives accompanied by a determiner are labeled as either NP or ADJP, depending on whether they are functioning as referring expressions or as predicates. They are labeled NP when the phrase in question functions as a noun phrase (subject, object of verb or preposition, etc.). This includes cases where the phrase clearly picks out a particular entity, even if the phrase is the complement of a copular verb. Otherwise, comparative adjectives project an ADJP.

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CODE {VS:16_10})
              (NP-SBJ (D ὁ)
                      (ADJP (ADJ πιστὸς)
                            (PP (P ἐν)
                                (NP (ADJS ἐλαχίστῳ)))))
              (ADJP-PRD (ADV καὶ)
                        (PP (P ἐν)
                            (NP (ADJD πολλῷ)))
                        (ADJ πιστός))
              (BEP-IMPF ἐστιν)
              (, ,))
  (ID GreekNT,Luke))                            
                        

At the phrasal level, superlative adjectives are generally embedded within or projecting an NP.

(NP-VOC (ADJS κράτιστε) (NPR Φῆλιξ))                            
                        

(Acts 24.2)

A superlative adjective projects an ADJP if it meets all of the following conditions:

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CODE {VS:2_6})
              (CONJ0 Καὶ)
              (NP-SBJ (PRO σύ)
                      (, ,)
                      (NP-PRN (NP (NPR Βηθλεὲμ))
                              (CONJP (NP (N γῆ)
                                         (NP-ATR (NPR$ Ἰούδα)))))
                      (, ,))
              (ADVP (NEG+ADV οὐδαμῶς))
              (ADJP-PRD (ADJS ἐλαχίστη))
              (BEP-IMPF εἶ)
              (PP (P ἐν)
                  (NP (DSD τοῖς)
                      (NSD ἡγεμόσιν)
                      (NP-ATR (NPR$ Ἰούδα))))
              (. .))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                            
                        

NP complements of N. NP complements of nouns are labeled NP-COM. In the traditional terms of Greek grammar^[2], these NP complements, most often in the genitive case, are objective genitives.

(NP (DA τὴν)
    (NA μετοικεσίαν)
    (NP-COM (NPR$ Βαβυλῶνος)))                            
                        

CP complements of N. Nouns can take clausal complements (CP-THT, IP-INF, etc.) (see Chapter 9, Subordinate Clauses for details).

adjectives and adjective phrases:

(NP (N$ πνεύματος) (ADJ$ ἁγίου))                                
                            

(Matthew 1.18)

(NP-OB1 (NA χαρὰν)
        (ADJP (ADJA μεγάλην) (ADV σφόδρα)))                                
                            

(Matthew 2.10)

genitives:

measure noun phrases (rare modifying nouns in Greek, more often modifying verbs, as also occurs in the example below, corresponds with the genitive of measure in the traditional terms of Greek grammar):

( (IP-MAT (CODE {VS:2_44})
          (IP-PPL (VPR-AOR νομίσαντες)
                  (CLPRT δὲ)
                  (IP-INF-THT (NP-SBJ (PROA αὐτὸν))
                              (BEN-IMPF εἶναι)
                              (PP (P ἐν)
                                  (NP (DD τῇ) (ND συνοδίᾳ)))))
          (NP-SBJ *pro*)
          (VBD-AOR ἦλθον)
          (NP-MSR (NP-MSR (N$ ἡμέρας))
                  (NA ὁδὸν)))
  (ID GreekNT,Luke))                                
                            

numbers and number phrases:

(NP-SBJ (NUM μίαν) (NA τρίχα))                                
                            

(Matthew 5.36)

(NP (NSD ψυχαῖς)
    (NUMP (NUM ἑβδομήκοντα) (NUM πέντε)))                                
                            

(Acts 7.14)

quantifiers and quantifier phrases:

(NP-SBJ (Q Πᾶσαι)
        (CLPRT οὖν)
        (DS αἱ)
        (NS γενεαὶ)
        (PP (P ἀπὸ)
            (NP (NPR$ Ἀβραὰμ)))
        (PP (P ἕως)
            (NP (NPR$ Δαυεὶδ))))                                
                            

(Matthew 1.17)

(NP-OB1 (QP (NEG οὐκ) (QA ὀλίγην))
        (NA ἐργασίαν))                                
                            

(Acts 19.24)

prepositional phrases:

(NP-OB1 (DSA τοὺς)
        (NSA προφήτας)
        (NP-PRN (DS τοὺς)
                (PP (P πρὸ)
                    (NP (PRO$ ὑμῶν)))))                                
                            

(Matthew 5.12)

ordinary and reduced relative clauses (This section focuses on the relation of relative clauses to the head they modify. The internal structure of relative clauses is discussed in the section called “Ordinary Relative Clauses” for full relative clauses and the section called “Reduced Relative Clauses” for reduced relative clauses.):

(NP-SBJ (D ὁ)
        (N ἀστὴρ)
        (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPROA ὃν))
                (C 0)
                (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                        (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                        (VBD-AOR εἶδον)
                        (PP (P ἐν)
                            (NP (DD τῇ) (ND ἀνατολῇ))))))                                
                            

(Matthew 2.9)

( (IP-MAT-SPE (CODE {VS:3_10})
              (NP-SBJ (Q πᾶν)
                      (CLPRT οὖν)
                      (N δένδρον)
                      (RRC (NEG μὴ)
                           (VPR-IMPF ποιοῦν)
                           (NP-OB1 (NA καρπὸν) (ADJA καλὸν))))
              (VBPP-IMPF ἐκκόπτεται))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                                
                            

appositives and parentheticals:

(NP (NPRA Ἀνδρέαν)
    (NP-PRN (DA τὸν)
            (NA ἀδελφὸν)
            (NP-ATR (NPR$ Σίμωνος))))                                
                            

(Mark 1.16)

NP complements of P.

(PP (P ἐν)
    (NP (DD τῇ) (ADJD ἐρήμῳ)))                            
                        

(Mark 1.3)

Pre-head NP complements of P. Some PPs or words that are treated as PPs when they take a dependent NP (such as χάριν) take a pre-head complement. This is rare in the GNT even with items that regularly or exclusively took pre-head complements in Classical Greek.

(WPP-1 (NP (WPRO$ τίνος))
       (P ἕνεκα))                            
                        

(Acts 19.32)

ADVP Complements of P.

(PP (P ἕως)
    (ADVP (ADV ἄρτι)))                            
                        

(Matthew 11.12)

CP complements of P. The most common of these are comparative clauses and adverbial clauses. For details on the structures of these types of subordinate clauses, see the section called “Comparative Clauses” and the section called “Adverbial Clauses”.

(PP (P πρὶν)
    (CP-ADV (C ἢ)
            (IP-INF (ADVP (NUM δὶς))
                    (NP-SBJ (NA ἀλέκτορα))
                    (VBN-AOR φωνῆσαι))))                            
                        

(Mark 14.30)

(PP (P ὡς)
    (CP-ADV (C+AN ὅταν)
            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (D ὁ) (N λύχνος))
                    (NP-ADV (DD τῇ) (ND ἀστραπῇ))
                    (VBS-IMPF φωτίζῃ)
                    (NP-OB1 (CLPROA σε)))))                            
                        

(Luke 11.36)

IP complements of P.

(PP (NEG μὴ)
    (P εἰς)
    (IP-INF (NP-ADV (ADJA κενὸν))
            (NP-OB1 (DA τὴν)
                    (NA χάριν)
                    (NP-ATR (D$ τοῦ) (N$ θεοῦ)))
            (VBNP-AOR δέξασθαι)
            (NP-SBJ (PROA ὑμᾶς))))                            
                        

(2Corinthians 6.1)

PP complements of P.

(PP (P ἕως)
    (PP (P ἔξω)
        (NP (D$ τῆς) (N$ πόλεως))))                            
                        

(Acts 21.5)

adverbs:

(PP (ADV μακρὰν)
    (P ἀπ')
    (NP (PRO$ αὐτῶν)))                                
                            

(Matthew 8.30)

negation:

(CP-FRL (WNP-1 (WPRO ὃς))
        (C 0)
        (IP-SUB (IP-SUB-2 (NP-SBJ *T*-1)
                          (AN ἂν)
                          (VBS-AOR ἀπολύσῃ)
                          (NP-OB1 (DA τὴν)
                                  (NA γυναῖκα)
                                  (NP-ATR (PRO$ αὐτοῦ)))
                          (PP (NEG μὴ)
                              (P ἐπὶ)
                              (NP (ND πορνείᾳ))))                                
                            

(Matthew 19.9)

WADJP 0:

(IP-MAT-SPE-1 (ADJP-PRD (ADJR ἀνεκτότερον)
                        (CP-CMP *ICH*-2))
              (NP-SBJ *pro*)
              (BEP-FUT ἔσται)
              (NP-OB2 (ND γῇ)
                      (NP-ATR (NPRS$ Σοδόμων) (CONJ καὶ) (NPRS$ Γομόρρων)))
              (PP (P ἐν)
                  (NP (ND ἡμέρᾳ)
                      (NP-ATR (N$ κρίσεως))))
              (CP-CMP-2 (WADJP-3 0)
                        (C ἢ)
                        (IP-SUB=1 (ADJP-PRD *T*-3)
                                  (NP-OB2 (DD τῇ) (ND πόλει) (DD ἐκείνῃ)))))                                
                            

(Matthew 10.15)

adjective modified by how:

(NODE (CP-QUE (WADJP-3 (WADV hou) (ADJ seruisable))     ← ADJ modified by HOW
              (C 0)
              (IP-SUB (ADJP *T*-3)
                      (NP-SBJ (PRO he))
                      (BED was)
                      (PP (P to)
                          (NP (PRO$ his) (N moder)))))
      (ID CMAELR3,41.440))                                
                            

empty operator:

headed by a wh- adverb:

(CP-REL-1 (WADVP-2 (WADV ὅθεν))
          (C 0)
          (IP-SUB (ADVP-DIR *T*-2)
                  (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                  (VBD-AOR ἐξῆλθον))))                                
                            

(Matthew 12.44)

empty operator (in a ὡς clause with a nominal gap, see the section called “ὡς Clauses with a Nominal Gap”):

( (IP-MAT (CODE {VS:1_24})
          (VPRP-AOR-1 Ἐγερθεὶς)
          (CLPRT δὲ)
          (NP-SBJ (D ὁ) (NPR Ἰωσὴφ))
          (IP-PPL (VPRP-AOR *ICH*-1)
                  (PP-1 (P ἀπὸ)
                        (NP (D$ τοῦ) (N$ ὕπνου)))
          (VBD-AOR ἐποίησεν)
          (NP-OB1 (CP-FRL (WNP-2 0)
                          (C ὡς)
                          (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-2)
                                  (VBD-AOR προσέταξεν)
                                  (NP-OB2 (PROD αὐτῷ))
                                  (NP-SBJ (D ὁ)
                                          (N ἄγγελος)
                                          (NP-ATR (N$ Κυρίου)))))))
  (ID GreekNT,Matthew))                                
                            

empty operator (with later pronoun resumption):

(CP-REL-2 (WNP-3 0)
          (C ὅτι)
          (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ (ADV καὶ)
                          (NP (D ὁ) (N ἄνεμος))
                          (CONJP (CONJ καὶ)
                                 (NP (D ἡ) (N θάλασσα))))
                  (VBP-IMPF ὑπακούει)
                  (NP-OBP-RSP-3 (PROD αὐτῷ))))                                
                            

(Mark 4.41)

WPRO:

(NP-SBJ (D ὁ)
        (N ἀστὴρ)
        (CP-REL (WNP-1 (WPROA ὃν))
                (C 0)
                (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                        (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                        (VBD-AOR εἶδον)
                        (PP (P ἐν)
                            (NP (DD τῇ) (ND ἀνατολῇ))))))                                
                            

(Matthew 2.9)

WD:

(CP-QUE (WNP-1 (WD ποίᾳ) (ND ἡμέρᾳ))
        (C 0)
        (IP-SUB (NP-TMP *T*-1)
                (NP-SBJ (D ὁ)
                        (N κύριος)
                        (NP-ATR (PRO$ ὑμῶν)))
                (VBPP-IMPF ἔρχεται)))                                
                            

(Matthew 24.42)

WQP extracted from NP:

(CP-QUE-SPE (WQP-1 (WADJA Πόσους))
            (C 0)
            (IP-SUB (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                    (VBP-IMPF ἔχετε)
                    (NP-OB1 (QP *T*-1)
                            (NSA ἄρτους))))                    
                

(Mark 8.5)

WQP contained within another wh- phrase:

( (CP-QUE-SPE (CODE {VS:8_20})
              (CP-ADV (C ὅτε)
                      (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 (DSA τοὺς) (NUM ἑπτὰ))
                              (PP (P εἰς)
                                  (NP (DSA τοὺς) (ADJA τετρακισχιλίους)))))
              (, ,)
              (WNP-1 (WQP (WADJ$ πόσων) (NS$ σφυρίδων))
                     (NSA πληρώματα)
                     (NP-PAR (NS$ κλασμάτων)))
              (C 0)
              (IP-SUB (NP-OB1 *T*-1)
                      (NP-SBJ *pro*)
                      (VBD-AOR ἤρατε))
              (. ;))
  (ID GreekNT,Mark))                                
                            

an enlarging and a restraining power ← right-node raised constituent = N

She asked for, but she did not get, a raise. ← right-node raised constituent = NP