A - a

-a   [a]  Variant: ; -wa. Verb. Factual Evidential: used for imperfective or uncompleted actions being watched by the speaker and also for facts or general truths which are known by everybody to be so, whether or not the action has actually been seen by the speaker.

-acʼ1   [acʼ]  -ad1.

-acʼ2   [acʼ]  -ad2.

-acʼacʼ   [acʼacʼ]  -adad.

-acʼic   [acʼic]  -aduc.

-ad1   [ad]   Cooccurrence: following a consonant. Variant: -acʼ. Verb. Durative: frequently translated with a progressive in English, or with the phrase "keep on doing". synonyms: -wad2, -uced, -med, -id, -ed, -cid, -uwad.

-ad2   [ad]   Variant: -acʼ. Verb. 1 • Directional: along.

2 • Directional: toward here (in imperatives).

-adad   [adad]  Variant: -ada·dad; -wadad. Variant: -acʼacʼ. Verb. 1 • Locomotory (with non-motion verb): the Agent, while performing the action of the verb, is moving from one place to another, or is intermittently doing so; duplicate use indicates that the movement is definitely intermittent.

2 • Locomotory (with motion verb): intermittent movement; duplicant use intensifies this meaning, i.e. it is more intermittent or continues a longer distance.

3 • Locomotory (with change of state verb): indicates a steady or gradual change, with no movement implied.

-aduc   [aduc]   Variant: -acʼic. Verb. Directional: at a distance, away to a distance, from a distance (in space or time).

siʔdima·duc*   [siʔdimá·duʔ]  siʔdim*, -aduc. Variant: siʔdima·cʼic*. Verb. arrive by boat.

wa·duc*   [wa·dúʔ]  wa*, -aduc. Verb of Movement. one go far, away to a distance. wadu·ci go far! wadu·cedú·cedu keep going far! synonyms: da·cʼicʰqa*, pʰila·cʼic*, hayohmacʼic*.

ʔilata·duc*   [ʔilata·duʔ]  ʔila, -t1, -aduc. Verb. go far away with nose.

-ahmucʼ   [ahmucʼ]   Verb. Plural Agent + Distributive + along.

-ala   [ala]   Verb. 1 • Directional: away (neither toward or from here).

2 • Inceptive: begin an involuntary act. Usages note: much less common in this use than /ibic/; connotation of involuntary act is not always strictly adhered to.

-alamecʼ   [alamecʼ]  -ala, -icʼ2. Verb. Directional + Reflexive: down off of, down out of.

dala·mecʼqa*   [dalá·mecʼqaw]  ʔda*1, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. 1 • two (male or female) go down off of. synonyms: wala·mecʼ*, pʰilala·mecʼ*, hayohmala·mecʼ*.

2 • a few men go down off of.

hayohmala·mecʼ*   [hayóhmala·meʔ]  hayohma*, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. several (separately) go down off of. synonyms: dala·mecʼqa*, wala·mecʼ*, pʰilala·mecʼ*.

malalamecʼ*   [malala·meʔ]  mal, -alamecʼ. Verb. (year) end.

ʔama malala·meʔ   [ʔama málala·meʔ]  ʔama·1, malalamecʼ*. Noun. end of year (beginning of winter).

pʰilala·mecʼ*   [pʰilalá·meʔ]  pʰil*, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. group go down off of. synonyms: dala·mecʼqa*, wala·mecʼ*, hayohmala·mecʼ*.

wala·mecʼ*   [walá·meʔ]  wa*, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. one go down off of. synonyms: dala·mecʼqa*, pʰilala·mecʼ*, hayohmala·mecʼ*.

da·lahqa*   [dalahqáw]  ʔda*1, -ala. Variant: dalahqa*. Verb of Movement. 1 • two (male or female) go down. pʰala dálahqaw they also go down. synonyms: wala*, pʰilala*, hayohmala*.

2 • a few men go down. dalahqaméʔ go down! (to a few). dalahqawá·cʼiyicʼmeʔ keep going down! (to a few).

duʔkʼiya·la*   [duʔkʼiyá·law]  duʔkʼi*, -ala. Verb. make a mark with the finger moving downward.

hayohmala*   [hayóhmalaw]  hayohma*, -ala. Verb of Movement. several (separately) go down. synonyms: da·lahqa*, wala*, pʰilala*.

naʔbaca·la*   [naʔbacá·law]  naʔbac*, -ala. Verb. become puzzled, discover one does not know how. si·lún sʼi· tubiyiʔli, to naʔbacá·law iyow when I started to make acorn bread, I discovered I couldn’t.

pʰilala*   [pʰilaláw]  pʰil*, -ala. Variant: pʰilahtala*. Verb of Movement. group go down. pʰilalá·meʔ go down! (to group). pʰilalá·mecʼi·yicʼmeʔ keep going down! (to group). maʔca ya pʰilaláʔkʰe we're going down to the roundhouse. synonyms: da·lahqa*, wala*, hayohmala*.

-alamecʼ   [alamecʼ]  -ala, -icʼ2. Verb. Directional + Reflexive: down off of, down out of.

dala·mecʼqa*   [dalá·mecʼqaw]  ʔda*1, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. 1 • two (male or female) go down off of. synonyms: wala·mecʼ*, pʰilala·mecʼ*, hayohmala·mecʼ*.

2 • a few men go down off of.

hayohmala·mecʼ*   [hayóhmala·meʔ]  hayohma*, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. several (separately) go down off of. synonyms: dala·mecʼqa*, wala·mecʼ*, pʰilala·mecʼ*.

malalamecʼ*   [malala·meʔ]  mal, -alamecʼ. Verb. (year) end.

ʔama malala·meʔ   [ʔama málala·meʔ]  ʔama·1, malalamecʼ*. Noun. end of year (beginning of winter).

pʰilala·mecʼ*   [pʰilalá·meʔ]  pʰil*, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. group go down off of. synonyms: dala·mecʼqa*, wala·mecʼ*, hayohmala·mecʼ*.

wala·mecʼ*   [walá·meʔ]  wa*, -alamecʼ. Verb of Movement. one go down off of. synonyms: dala·mecʼqa*, pʰilala·mecʼ*, hayohmala·mecʼ*.

-aloq   [aloq]   Verb. Directional: up toward here.

-aloqocʼ   [aloqocʼ]  -aloq, -icʼ2. Verb. Directional + Reflexive: up and out of (no meaning of "hither").

dalo·qocʼqa*   [daló·qocʼqaw]  ʔda*1, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. 1 • two (male or female) come up out of. synonyms: wolo·qocʼ*, pʰilolo·qocʼ*2, hayohmalo·qocʼ*.

2 • a few men come up out of.

hayohmalo·qocʼ*   [hayóhmalo·qoʔ]  hayohma*, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. several (separately) come up out of. synonyms: dalo·qocʼqa*, wolo·qocʼ*, pʰilolo·qocʼ*2.

lowa·loqocʼ*   [lowá·loqoʔ]  -aloqocʼ. Verb. get free from being tied up, from jail, from loose clothing, or from obligations. pʰala lówa·loqoʔ get free again. lóhwalo·qoʔ several get free. compare: hlokʰ*, hluṭʼ*2.

pʰilolo·qocʼ*2   [pʰiloló·qoʔ]  pʰil*, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. group come up out of. synonyms: dalo·qocʼqa*, wolo·qocʼ*, hayohmalo·qocʼ*.

qʰadaloqocʼ*   [qʰadalo·qoʔ]  qʰaʔdi*, -aloqocʼ. Verb. call, summon someone out here.

wolo·qocʼ*   [woló·qoʔ]  wa*, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. one come up out of. synonyms: dalo·qocʼqa*, pʰilolo·qocʼ*2, hayohmalo·qocʼ*.

da·lohqa*   [dalohqáw]  ʔda*1, -aloq. Variant: dalohqa*. Verb of Movement. 1 • two (male or female) come up to here. synonyms: woloq*, pʰiloloq*, hayohmaloq*.

2 • a few men come up to here. dalohqaméʔ come up! (to a few). dalohqawá·cʼiyicʼmeʔ keep coming up! (to a few).

hayohmaloq*   [hayóhmaloʔ]  hayohma*, -aloq. Verb of Movement. several (separately) come up to here. synonyms: da·lohqa*, woloq*, pʰiloloq*.

woloq*   [wolóʔ]  wa*, -aloq. Verb of Movement. one come up to here. woló·qo come up! woló·qodu·cedu keep coming up! synonyms: da·lohqa*, pʰiloloq*, hayohmaloq*.

-aloqocʼ   [aloqocʼ]  -aloq, -icʼ2. Verb. Directional + Reflexive: up and out of (no meaning of "hither").

dalo·qocʼqa*   [daló·qocʼqaw]  ʔda*1, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. 1 • two (male or female) come up out of. synonyms: wolo·qocʼ*, pʰilolo·qocʼ*2, hayohmalo·qocʼ*.

2 • a few men come up out of.

hayohmalo·qocʼ*   [hayóhmalo·qoʔ]  hayohma*, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. several (separately) come up out of. synonyms: dalo·qocʼqa*, wolo·qocʼ*, pʰilolo·qocʼ*2.

lowa·loqocʼ*   [lowá·loqoʔ]  -aloqocʼ. Verb. get free from being tied up, from jail, from loose clothing, or from obligations. pʰala lówa·loqoʔ get free again. lóhwalo·qoʔ several get free. compare: hlokʰ*, hluṭʼ*2.

pʰilolo·qocʼ*2   [pʰiloló·qoʔ]  pʰil*, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. group come up out of. synonyms: dalo·qocʼqa*, wolo·qocʼ*, hayohmalo·qocʼ*.

qʰadaloqocʼ*   [qʰadalo·qoʔ]  qʰaʔdi*, -aloqocʼ. Verb. call, summon someone out here.

wolo·qocʼ*   [woló·qoʔ]  wa*, -aloqocʼ. Verb of Movement. one come up out of. synonyms: dalo·qocʼqa*, pʰilolo·qocʼ*2, hayohmalo·qocʼ*.

-am   [am]   Cooccurrence: added to many nouns and adjectives, but not freely. Verb. 1 • become what the root noun denotes.

2 • become what the root adjective denotes.

-anʔwad   [anʔwad]   Variant: -icʼiwacʼ. Verb. here and there.

-aq1   [aq]  Variant: -a·q; -ah. Verb. 1 • Directional: out from here.

2 • Directional: north or west from here.

hayohmaq*   [hayóhmaʔ]  hayohma*, -aq1. Verb of Movement. 1 • several (separately) go out from here, go away. synonyms: da·hqa*1, waq*, pʰilaq*.

2 • several (separately) go north or west from here.

pihcipici·q*   [pihcipíciʔ]  pihci*, -aq1. Reduplicating Verb. hoe (a field) with repeated chopping motions.

pʰilaq*   [pʰiláʔ]  pʰil*, -aq1. Verb of Movement. 1 • group go out from here, go away. pʰiláhmeʔ go out! (to group). pʰilaqá·cʼiyicʼmeʔ keep going out! (to group). maʔca tólhqʰaʔ ya pʰiláhteʔ let's go to the roundhouse. má·kina wi pʰilahwiʔ they went in a car. synonyms: da·hqa*1, waq*, hayohmaq*.

2 • group go north or west from here.

waq*   [wáʔ]  wa*, -aq1. Verb of Movement. 1 • one go out from here, go away. waqa go out! waqá·duce·du keep going out!

2 • one go north or west from here. synonyms: da·hqa*1, pʰilaq*, hayohmaq*.

wa·hqa*   [wahqáw]  waq*. Variant: wahtahqa*. Verb. swallow.

-aq2   [aq]   Verb. 1 • address by this kinship term.

2 • acknowledge this kinship relation.

3 • come to the state indicated by the root.

-aqac   [aqac]   Verb. Directional: up from here.

hayohmaqac*   [hayóhmaqaʔ]  hayohma*, -aqac. Verb of Movement. several (separately) go up from here. synonyms: da·qacʰqa*, waqac*, pʰilaqac*2.

mala·qac*   [mala·qaʔ]  mal, -aqac. Verb. become new year. malaqa·ci (to year) become a new year!

ʔama mala·qac   [ʔama mala·qaʔ]  ʔama·1, mala·qac*. Noun. beginning of year. ʔama mála·qacinsʼe· mu it seems to be the beginning of the year.

ʔama mala·qaʔ maci   [ʔama mála·qaʔ maci]  ʔama mala·qac, maci. Noun. New Year's Day.

pʰilaqac*2   [pʰilaqáʔ]  Variant: pʰila·qac*. pʰil*, -aqac. Variant: pʰilaqac*. Verb of Movement. group go up from here. pʰilaqácʰmeʔ go up! (to group). pʰilaqá·yicʼwacʼmeʔ keep going up! (to group). synonyms: da·qacʰqa*, waqac*, hayohmaqac*.

-aqocʼ   [aqocʼ]  -aqʷ, -icʼ2. Verb. Directional + Reflexive: out from here, with no cardinal direction meaning. Usages note: perhaps used more frequently for "out hence" than /-aq/; it is less easily confused with /-aqʷ/ "out hither".

hayohmaqocʼ*   [hayóhmaqoʔ]  hayohma*, -aqocʼ. Verb of Movement. several (separately) go out from here (without reference to cardinal direction). synonyms: da·qocʼqa*, woqocʼ*, pʰiloqocʼ*.

-aqʷ   [aqʷ]   Verb. 1 • Directional: out toward here.

2 • Directional: north or west toward here; from the south or east.

-aqocʼ   [aqocʼ]  -aqʷ, -icʼ2. Verb. Directional + Reflexive: out from here, with no cardinal direction meaning. Usages note: perhaps used more frequently for "out hence" than /-aq/; it is less easily confused with /-aqʷ/ "out hither".

hayohmaqocʼ*   [hayóhmaqoʔ]  hayohma*, -aqocʼ. Verb of Movement. several (separately) go out from here (without reference to cardinal direction). synonyms: da·qocʼqa*, woqocʼ*, pʰiloqocʼ*.

hayohmaqʷ*   [hayóhmaʔ]  hayohma*, -aqʷ. Verb of Movement. 1 • several (separately) come out. synonyms: da·hqa*2, woq*, pʰiloq*.

2 • several (separately) come south or east to here, come from the north or west.

pʰiloq*   [pʰilóʔ]  pʰil*, -aqʷ. Verb of Movement. 1 • group come out. pʰilóhmeʔ come out! (to group). pʰiloqó·cʼiyicʼmeʔ keep coming out! (to group). synonyms: da·hqa*2, woq*, hayohmaqʷ*.

2 • group come northward or westward to here, come from the south or east.

woq*   [wóʔ]  wa*, -aqʷ. Verb of Movement. 1 • one come out toward here. woqo come out! woqó·duce·du keep coming out!

2 • one come northward or westward to here, come from the south or east. synonyms: da·hqa*2, pʰiloq*, hayohmaqʷ*.

woqolli   [woqólli]  woq*. Noun. place where water comes out but does not flow away; a spring. mi·li ʔahqʰa woqolli there where the water comes out.

-at   [at]   Verb. PL.

=ay   [ay]   PL ?

bikošay   [bikošáy]  bikoš, =ay.

-ay   [ay]   Verb. Directional: against, next to, at.

miʔkanay*   [miʔkanayʔ]  miʔkanh*, -ay. Verb. nod head to someone in greeting. miʔkaná·yi nod head! miʔkaná·meʔ nod head (to several)! mu·kinʔ ma·dal miʔkana·y D: He nodded to her. miʔkana·yibiʔ D: Absolutive, Directional "up" or Inceptive.

-aʔyaw   [aʔyaw]   Adjective. ADJ.

hikʼocʼaʔyaw   [hikʼocʼáʔyaw]  hikʼo·c*, -aʔyaw. Adjective. universally respected; most respected.

mokʼocʼaʔyaw   [mokʼocʼáʔyaw]  mokʼo·c*, -aʔyaw. Adjective. amazing, thought by everyone to be able to do feats (good or bad) nearly impossible for others.

mušucʼaʔyaw*   [mušucʼaʔyaw]  mušucʼ*1, -aʔyaw. Adjective. laughable, very funny. ʔama· mušucʼaʔya· maʔyul cahno·du to say something very funny; can only laugh at it.

ʔilacaʔyaw   [ʔilacaʔyaw]  ʔilac*, -aʔyaw. Adjective. disliked (place or person).