List of tags and empty categories

POS tags

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

. sentence-final punctuation
, sentence-internal punctuation
' single quote
" double quote
$ possessive marker
+ joins constituent morphemes in compounds
Example: (N+N mankind)
A
ADJ adjective
ADJR adjective, comparative
ADJS adjective, superlative
ADV adverb
ADVR adverb, comparative
ADVS adverb, superlative
ALSO the words ALSO (except when = AS) and EKE
(the latter only in Middle English)
B
BAG BE, present participle
BE BE, infinitive
BED BE, past (including past subjunctive)
BEI BE, imperative
BEN BE, perfect participle
BEP BE, present (including present subjunctive)
C
C complementizer
CODE non-text material (e.g., page numbers)
CONJ coordinating conjunction
D
D determiner
DAG DO, present participle
DAN DO, passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
DO DO, infinitive
DOD DO, past (including past subjunctive)
DOI DO, imperative
DON DO, perfect participle
DOP DO, present (including present subjunctive)
E
ELSE the word ELSE in the collocation OR ELSE
EX existential THERE
F
FOR infinitival FOR
FOR+TO cliticized FOR+TO
FP focus particle
FW foreign word
G
H
HAG HAVE, present participle
HAN HAVE, passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
HV HAVE, infinitive
HVD HAVE, past (including past subjunctive)
HVI HAVE, imperative
HVN HAVE, perfect participle
HVP HAVE, present (including present subjunctive)
I
ID token identification number
INTJ interjection
J
K
L
LB line break
LS list marker
M
MAN indefinite subject pronoun (ME, MAN)
(only in Middle English)
MD modal verb
MD0 modal verb, untensed
META special text material (e.g., stage directions); generally found only in drama
N
N common noun, singular
N$ common noun, singular, possessive
NEG negation
NPR proper noun, singular
NPR$ proper noun, singular, possessive
NPRS proper noun, plural
NPRS$ proper noun, plural, possessive
NS common noun, plural
NS$ common noun, plural, possessive
NUM cardinal number
NUM$ cardinal number, possessive
O
ONE the word ONE (except as focus particle)
ONE$ ONE, possessive
OTHER the word OTHER (except as conjunction)
OTHER$ OTHER, nominal use, possessive
OTHERS OTHER, nominal use, plural
OTHERS$ OTHER, nominal use, plural possessive
P
P preposition or subordinating conjunction
PRO personal pronoun
PRO$ possessive pronoun
Q
Q quantifier
Q$ quantifier, possessive
QR quantifier, comparative (MORE, LESS)
QS quantifier, superlative (MOST, LEAST)
R
RP adverbial particle
S
SUCH the word SUCH
T
TO infinitival TO, TIL, and AT
U
V
VAG present participle
VAN passive participle (verbal or adjectival)
VB infinitive, verbs other than BE, DO, HV
VBD past (including past subjunctive)
VBI imperative
VBN perfect participle
VBP present (including present subjunctive)
W
WADV wh-adverb
WARD the morpheme WARD
WD wh-determiner
WPRO wh-pronoun
WPRO$ possessive wh-pronoun
WQ WHETHER introducing indirect questions
X
X tag for unknown part of speech
Y
Z

The parts of an orthographically separated word may be surrounded by tags that are numbered, as described in Splitting and joining words.

Syntactic tags

Basic syntactic tags

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A
ADJP adjective phrase
ADJP-LOC locative adjective phrase
ADJP-SPR adjective phrase, secondary predicate
ADJX adjectival constituent, ambiguous projection (ADJ, ADJ', or ADJP)
ADVP adverb phrase
ADVP-DIR directional adverb phrase
ADVP-LOC locative adverb phrase
ADVP-TMP temporal adverb phrase
ADVX adverbial constituent, ambiguous projection (ADV, ADV', or ADVP)
B
C
CIPHER text used as cipher (only in PCEEC)
CONJP conjunction phrase
CP-ADV adverbial clause
CP-CAR clause-adjoined relative
CP-CLF IT cleft
CP-CMP comparative clause
CP-DEG degree complement
CP-EOP empty operator clause
CP-EXL exclamation (direct or indirect)
CP-FRL free relative clause
CP-QUE question (direct or indirect)
CP-QUE-SUB-ADV adverbial WHETHER clause
CP-QUE-SBJ indirect question subject
CP-REL relative clause
CP-THT THAT clause
CP-THT-SBJ THAT clause subject
CP-TMC TOUGH movement complement
D
E
F
FOREIGN passage in any foreign language (in PCEEC)
FRAG sentence fragment
FRENCH French text
G
GREEK Greek text
H
HEBREW Hebrew text
I
INTJP interjection phrase
IP-ABS absolute clause
IP-IMP imperative
IP-INF infinitival complement
IP-INF-ABS absolute infinitive
IP-INF-ADT adjunct infinitive
IP-INF-DEG degree infinitive
IP-INF-PRP purpose infinitive
IP-INF-SBJ infinitival subject
IP-MAT matrix clause
IP-PPL participial clause
IP-PPL-ABS absolute participial clause
IP-PPL-OB1 participial clause object
IP-PPL-SBJ participial clause subject
IP-SMC small clause
IP-SUB subordinate clause
J
K
L
LATIN Latin text
M
N
NODE tag in output of CorpusSearch when nodes_only is true
NP noun phrase
NP-ADT adjunct noun phrase
NP-ADV adverbial noun phrase
NP-COM NP complement (corresponding to modern OF phrase)
NP-DIR directional noun phrase
NP-DPS dative of possession in PP
NP-LOC locative noun phrase
NP-LFD left-dislocated noun phrase
NP-MSR measure noun phrase
NP-OB1 first object
NP-OB2 second object
NP-PRN parenthetical or appositive noun phrase
NP-RFL reflexive noun phrase
NP-SBJ noun phrase subject
NP-SPR noun phrase, secondary predicate
NP-TMP temporal noun phrase
NP-VOC vocative noun phrase
NUMP number phrase
NX nominal constituent, ambiguous projection (N, N', or NP)
O
P
PP prepositional phrase
Q
QP quantifier phrase
QTP quotation phrase
QX quantifier phrase, ambiguous projection (Q, Q', or QP)
R
REF reference
RRC reduced relative clause
S
SPANISH Spanish text
T
U
V
VP verb phrase
W
WCP wh- CP (occurs very rarely in pied-piping contexts)
WADJP wh- adjective phrase
WADVP wh- adverb phrase
WIP wh- IP (possible in pied-piping contexts)
WNP wh- noun phrase
WPP wh- prepositional phrase
WQP wh- quantifier phrase
X
X tag for unknown phrasal category
Y
Z

Extended syntactic tags

The basic syntactic tags listed above can be modified by the following extended tags (also referred to as dash tags).

Suffix tag Definition Example
-LFD left-dislocated constituent ADVP-LOC-LFD left-dislocated locative adverb phrase
-PRN parenthetical or appositive NP-PRN parenthetical or appositive noun phrase
-RSP resumptive constituent NP-SBJ-RSP resumptive subject
-SPE direct speech (only on CP, IP) CP-REL-SPE relative clause, direct speech
IP-MAT-SPE matrix clause, direct speech

"-#" (a hyphen followed by a numeric index) is used to coindex antecedents and their traces, as well as expletives (overt or empty) that are associated with a clause or noun phrase.

"=#" (an equals sign followed by a numeric index) is used to coindex gapped clauses with full clauses. See Gapping, Right-node raising.

Empty categories

0 empty operator
*arb* arbitrary subject in ECM infinitives (as in I have heard *arb* tell)
*con* subject elided under conjunction
*exp* empty expletive subject
*pro* "small pro" subject
*ICH* abbreviation mnemonic for "insert constituent here"; trace of extraposition, scrambling, or other movement that does not fit neatly into the A/A' dichotomy
*T* trace of A'-movement
* trace of A-movement; also default empty category