L110 Final Exam

Problem I [15 points]
The following  forms are written phonetically. Determine the relationship between the voiced and 
voiceless stops and affricates. Justify your answer. If they are allophones of the same phoneme,
state the rule governing their distribution. If they are distinct phonemes, explain why.
niska	goose
kodak	another
asaba:p	thread
wasko:w	cloud
paskwa:w	prairie
ni:gi	my house
ko:gos	pig
tahki	often
namwa:ʧ	not at all
ospwa:gan	pipe
miʤihʧij	hand
nisto	three
ʧi:gahigan	axe
a:dim	dog
mi:bit	tooth
pime:	lard
mide	heart
o:gik	these
ʧihʧij	finger
wa:bos	rabbit
na:be:w	man
mi:ʤiwin	food

Problem II [15 points]
On the basis of the following data, describe the sound changes
between the proto-language and the daughter language.
Proto.	Daughter	Gloss
jukɨr	jukɨ	salt
moajan	moajã	push
puʔam	puʔã	wet
meʔeŋ	meʔẽ	give
tiŋ	ʧĩ	white
potiʔa	poʧiʔa	chest
tatatiŋ	tataʧĩ	smoke
kɨb	kɨ	louse
men	mẽ	husband

Problem III [15 points]
On the basis of the following data for two related
native languages of Canada, discuss the relationship between
/z/ and /ts/. That is, explain how things got this way. State what
sound changes occurred to produce the current distribution
of /z/ and /ts/ and account for any exceptions.
A	B	Gloss
ʔaz	ʔats	outside
guz	Guts	scale (of fish)
xwuz	hots	over there
baɬats	baɬats	potlatch (ceremony originating elsewhere)
ʔuts	ʔuts	oats
xwʌzk'ʌz	hozk'its	it is cold
-biz	-bits	aunt
ʔiɬiz	ʔeɬits	forever
tsʌz	tsits	firewood
dats'uz	dets'uz	shrew
-jiz	-jiz	long

Problem IV [25 points]
On the basis of the following data, determine the subgrouping of the
four languages. Justify your conclusions. ( /w/ and /j/ immediately following
consonants represent very short vowels.)

Protoform	A	B	C	D	Gloss
ratw	rat	ratw	rat	raw	basket
vupw	vup	vuvu	vup	vuvw	fishtrap
ramw	ram	ramw	ram	ramw	club
vasianj	vaian	vaianj	vaian	vasianj	sling
samanj	aman	amanj	aman	samanj	outrigger
palj	pal	palj	pal	pali	house
lipilipj	liplip	livilivu	liplip	-----	fence
pemw	pemu	pemw	pem	pemw	axe
pisa	pia	pia	pia	pisa	ground
tiripw	tirip	tirivu	tirip	tirivw	green coconut
kabaŋj	kabaŋ	kabaŋj	kabaŋ	kabaŋj	lime
upw	up	uvu	----	uvw	yam
talisa	talia	talia	talia	talisa	nut
papi	pap	pavu	pap	----	dog
taŋisj	taŋi	taŋi	taŋi	taŋisj	cry
iapj	iap	iavu	iap	iavj	fire
mulisi	muli	muli	muli	mulisj	orange
beso	beo	beo	beo	beso	bird
lisi	li	lia	li	lisj	nits
sikilikj	ikilik	ikilikj	ikilik	sikilikj	small
tasj	ta	tai	ta	tasj	sea


Problem V  [30 points]
Decide which two of the following three languages are genetically related.
Justify your conclusion. Give reconstructions for those words that you believe
are inherited from the common ancestor of the two related languages and state
the rules necessary to derive the attested forms.  If changes must have applied
in a certain order, indicate the order. Explain as best you can any
similarities that you note between the third, unrelated language, and the 
other two.

Gloss	A	B	C
water	tu	ap	to
wheel	kuma	xuma	mas
fire	pok	hi	pox
tree	ki	tin	ke
flower	fana	kesat	fanar
hand	lamu	mina	lamo
priest	bel	ber	per
rock	isik	sep	isix
foot	kanok	mar	kanox
head	tamu	nasir	tamo
mud	peli	loso	pale
nose	teir	samo	terir
eye	meti	naka	mate
sister	sau	des	saro
hymn	dakot	dakot	takot
horse	nemi	nami	soxam
rifle	kali	kali	pula
radio	kori	kori	pejot
my water	situʔ	api	situʔ
my flower	sifanaʔ	kesati	sifanar
my head	sitamuʔ	nasiri	sitamuʔ
her water	putuʔ	apes	putuʔ
her flower	pufanaʔ	kesates	pufanar