Linguistics 001      Fall 2000      Homework 3     Due Mo 10/02

1. The first part of the assignment requires you to estimate the size of someone's "mental lexicon," by obtaining a sample of 100 words from a medium-sized English dictionary, and checking what fraction of that sample your subject knows.

Each time you access this link you'll get a random sample of 100 headwords from a recent Collegiate dictionary, sampled from a list with 78,984 entries overall. If you access this link instead, you'll get a plain text file from the same dictionary instead of an HTML page (for easier cutting and pasting into some word processors).

How to do it

If you are a native speaker of English, you can use yourself as the subject. If you are not, then find a friend or acquaintance who is a native English speaker, and get them to do it for you.

Print out your sample of 100 words. For each one, answer yes ("I definitely know this word"), no ("I have no clue whatsoever about this word"), or maybe ("I have some sort of idea about this word, and could try to use it, but I might be at least partly wrong").

Note that some of the "entries" are words with internal spaces, such as time capsule or press box. You can treat these just like the solid entries -- it's no harder to figure out if you know what Ponzi scheme means than it is to see if you know the meaning of androcentric or microcode.

Of course, it isn't easy in any case -- without looking at the whole entry, you may sometimes be unsure whether your belief about a word's meaning is in fact correct. In such cases, you can look the word up in a regular paper dictionary, or via the on-line dictionaries available on the library's web site, or you can just score the word as a "maybe." In other cases, you may have partial knowledge -- for instance, you might know that exocrine is the opposite of endocrine, and has something to do with hormones and stuff, but be a little vague on exactly what it means beyond that. This is another case where you might score the word as "maybe." If you total your "yes" "maybe" and "no" items separately, you'll wind up with range of estimates, such as "I know between 65 and 78 of the items on my list."

Count up the answers in the three categories, and give the totals. What vocabulary size (relative to the contents of the overall dictionary) does this result suggest?

Note that you are not going to be graded on the size of your vocabulary! To get full credit, you just need to turn in your worksheet and the resulting counts. You will not get a higher grade if the answer is higher -- in fact we might get suspicious if the answer is too high. In order to match the estimated average word stock of U.S. high school graduates, you only need to "know" 51 of 100.

How to interpret your results

If you "know" 70 out of your sample of 100 entries, you can estimate that you know roughly 70/100 of the entire 78,984 entries, or 55,289. This is surely an underestimate of your "mental lexicon", since this wordlist doesn't include acronyms such as ASAP, DWI, fubar; company names like TWA, Exxon, Microsoft; institutional names like Harvard, Penn, Louvre; place names like Philadelphia, Albany, Katmandu; proper names like Clinton, Elvis, Socrates; and so on. Among these categories, you surely know several thousands (or even tens of thousands) of additional items.

After everyone turns in the homework, we'll give you some graphs summarizing the answers from the class as a whole.

2. Here is the second part of the assignment (from Farmer & Demers' A Linguistics Workbook):

In Anthony Burgess' novel A Clockwork Orange, he invents a slang vocabulary based mostly on borrowings from Russian. In 1960, when this novel was written, it was actually plausible that the direction of cultural influence might result in large-scale borrowings from Russian into English. To see why, read (at least the beginning of) a prescient 1994 article from Foreign Affairs by the economist Paul Krugman. The first three paragraphs of Krugman's article are quoted below:

ONCE UPON a time, Western opinion leaders found themselves both impressed and frightened by the extraordinary growth rates achieved by a set of Eastern economies. Although those economies were still substantially poorer and smaller than those of the West, the speed with which they had transformed themselves from peasant societies into industrial powerhouses, their continuing ability to achieve growth rates several times higher than the advanced nations, and their increasing ability to challenge or even surpass American and European technology in certain areas seemed to call into question the dominance not only of Western power but of Western ideology. The leaders of those nations did not share our faith in free markets or unlimited civil liberties. They asserted with increasing self confidence that their system was superior: societies that accepted strong, even authoritarian governments and were willing to limit individual liberties in the interest of the common good, take charge of their economics, and sacrifice short-run consumer interests for the sake of long-run growth would eventually outperform the increasingly chaotic societies of the West. And a growing minority of Western intellectuals agreed.

The gap between Western and Eastern economic performance eventually became a political issue. The Democrats recaptured the White House under the leadership of a young, energetic new president who pledged to "get the country moving again"--a pledge that, to him and his closest advisers, meant accelerating America's economic growth to meet the Eastern challenge.

The time, of course, was the early 1960s. The dynamic young president was John F. Kennedy. The technological feats that so alarmed the West were the launch of Sputnik and the early Soviet lead in space. And the rapidly growing Eastern economies were those of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations.

Burgess wrote A Clockwork Orange in 1962, when anxiety about Russian economic and technological prowess was at its height.

A short passage from the beginning of Burgess' book is quoted below:

There was me, that is Alex, and my three droogs, that is Pete, Georgie and Dim, Dim being really dim, and we sat in the Korova Milkbar making up our rassoodocks what to do with the evening [. . .] The Korova Milkbar was a milkplus mesto, and you may, O my brothers, have forgotten what these mestos were like, things changing so skorry these days and everybody very quick to forget, newspapers not being read much neither. Well, what they sold there was milk plus something else. They had no license for selling liquor, but there was no law yet against prodding some of the new veshches which they used to put into the old moloko, so you could peet it with vellocet or synthemesc or drencrom or one or two other veshches which would give you a nice quiet horrowshow fifteen minutes admiring Bog And All His Holy Angels And Saints in your left shoe with lights bursting all over your mozg. or you could peet milk with knives in it, as we used to say, and this would sharpen you up [. . .] and that was what we were peeting this evening I'm starting off the story with.

Match each of the words in boldface with one of the glosses given below.

  1. friend (noun)
  2. God (noun)
  3. a type of drug (noun)
  4. thing (noun)
  5. quickly (adverb)
  6. mind (noun)
  7. place (noun)
  8. milk (noun)
  9. to produce (verb)
  10. to drink (verb)
  11. brain (noun)

You should be able to do this fairly easily without cheating by looking the words up in an online glossary of nadsat.

In each case, give a morphological analysis that breaks the word down into its parts (if any). For each part, indicate whether it is a root, a derivational affix, or an inflectional affix.

For example, the word "bushisms" would be analyzed as

bush ism s
root derivational affix inflectional affix

Also in each case, describe briefly how the context gives you clues about the form and meaning of the word. For example, in figuring out the word "cistus", in the following sentence from Patrick O'Brian's Master and Commander

How did he manage to make a living in the sparse thin grass of that stony, sun-beaten landscape, so severe and parched, with no more cover than a few tumbles of pale stone, a few low creeping hook-thorned caper-bushes and a cistus whose name Stephen did not know?

you might observe that its phrasal context shows that it is a noun ("a __ whose name Stephen did not know"), that it occurs in a list whose previous member is a "a few ... caper-bushes", and that in this situation it seems like a word for a type of plant, since it would work well to substitute things like "cactus" or "evergreen". And you would be right, as the OED would tell you -- cistus is

[a] genus of handsome shrubs (family Cistaceæ) known as Rock-Rose and Gum Cistus, with large spotted red or white flowers, which seldom last more than a few hours after expansion.

Finally, do you know any Russian? If so, (optionally) indicate what the Russian source is for (some of) the words in the paragraph above.

 
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